'Ole language
| ’Ole | |
|---|---|
| ’Olekha, Monkha, Monpa, Ole Mönpa | |
| Black Mountain Monpa | |
| Region | Bhutan |
|
Native speakers
|
500 (2007)[1] |
|
Sino-Tibetan
|
|
| Tibetan script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ole |
| Glottolog | olek1239[2] |
'Ole, also called 'Olekha or Black Mountain Monpa, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by about 1000 people in the Black Mountains of Wangdue Phodrang and Trongsa Districts in western Bhutan. The term 'Ole refers to a clan of speakers.[3]
Contents
Locations
According to the Ethnologue, Olekha is spoken in the following locations of Bhutan.
- Trongsa District: 3 enclaves west of Mangde river
- Wangdue Phodrang District: Adha, Jangji, Rukha, Thrumzur, and Wangling villages
Dialects are separated by the Black Mountains.
History
'Ole was unknown beyond its immediate area until 1990,[citation needed] and is now highly endangered, and was originally assumed to be East Bodish.[4] George van Driem described 'Ole as a remnant of the primordial population of the Black Mountains before the southward expansion of the ancient East Bodish tribes.[5]
More recently, Gwendolyn Hyslop, with the agreement of van Driem, has suggested that 'Ole is an isolated Sino-Tibetan language heavily influenced by East Bodish.[6] Because of its small amount of cognates with East Bodish languages, Blench and Post provisionally treat 'Ole as an isolate[4]
External relationships
The distantly related Tshangla language of eastern Bhutan, also called "Monpa" and predating Dzongkha, also belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages.[5][7] Although 'Ole is most closely related to the Bumthang language, both being East Bodish languages, Tshangla and related languages form a sister branch not to the East Bodish group, but to its parent Bodish branch. Thus the ambiguous term "Monpa" risks separating languages that should be grouped together, while grouping languages together that are quite separate.[8]
References
- ↑ ’Ole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links
| Sino-Tibetan |
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