1648

This article is about the year 1648.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century – 17th century – 18th century
Decades:	1610s  1620s  1630s  – 1640s –  1650s  1660s  1670s
Years:	1645 1646 1647 – 1648 – 1649 1650 1651

1648 by topic:

Arts and Science

Architecture - Art - Literature - Music - Science

Lists of leaders

Colonial governors - State leaders

Birth and death categories

Births - Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments - Disestablishments

Works category

Works

1648 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1648 MDCXLVIII
Ab urbe condita	2401
Armenian calendar	1097 ԹՎ ՌՂԷ
Assyrian calendar	6398
Bengali calendar	1055
Berber calendar	2598
English Regnal year	23 Cha. 1 – 24 Cha. 1
Buddhist calendar	2192
Burmese calendar	1010
Byzantine calendar	7156–7157
Chinese calendar	丁亥年 (Fire Pig) 4344 or 4284     — to — 戊子年 (Earth Rat) 4345 or 4285
Coptic calendar	1364–1365
Discordian calendar	2814
Ethiopian calendar	1640–1641
Hebrew calendar	5408–5409
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1704–1705
- Shaka Samvat	1570–1571
- Kali Yuga	4749–4750
Holocene calendar	11648
Igbo calendar	648–649
Iranian calendar	1026–1027
Islamic calendar	1057–1058
Japanese calendar	Shōhō 5 / Keian 1 (慶安元年)
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3981
Minguo calendar	264 before ROC 民前264年
Thai solar calendar	2190–2191

The Treaty of Westphalia

The Holy Roman Empire in 1648

Europe in 1648, after the Treaty of Westphalia

1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter ED) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday (dominical letter BA) of the Julian calendar, the 1648th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 648th year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1640s decade. Note that the Julian day for 1648 is 10 calendar days difference, which continued to be used from 1582 until the complete conversion of the Gregorian calendar was entirely done in 1929. It is the year of the Peace of Westphalia.

Events

January–June

• January – The beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at this time in the Republic of Both Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), which continues until 1654, and results, among other things, in the massacre of an estimated 20,000 Jews.
• January 17 – England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
• January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. (Ratified May 15.)
• March 31 – A major earthquake strikes Van in Ottoman Armenia.
• April 19 – First Battle of Guararapes: the Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army in the north of Brazil.
• June–September – Semyon Dezhnyov makes the first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

July–December

• 16 July–19 July – The Battle of Prague takes place in the Thirty Years' War. The west bank of Prague (including Prague Castle) is occupied and looted by Swedish armies.
• August
  • Arabs besiege Portuguese in Muscat.
  • The First Fronde, the Fronde Parlementaire, an insurrection, begins in France.
  • The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, was agreed upon and written down in New England.
• August 12 – Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648) as Ottoman Emperor.
• September 12 – Battle of Stirling takes place in Scotland: "Engagers" achieve victory over the Kirk Party.
• October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.
• October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).
• November 11 – France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them.
• December 11 – "Pride's Purge" in England, with elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invading London and expelling a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.

Date unknown

• In India, building of the Red Fort in Shahjahanabad is completed.
• Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.
• George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England.

Births

• January 1 – Matthijs Wulfraet, Dutch painter (d. 1727)
• January 1 – Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724)
• January 14 – Clara Elisabeth von Platen, German noblewoman (d. 1700)
• February 23 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
• March 2 – John Hales (MP for New Shoreham), English politician (d. 1723)
• March 5 – David Caspari, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1702)
• March 7 – Charles-Amador Martin, Catholic priest (d. 1711)
• March 12 – Charles de Sévigné, French Baron (d. 1713)
• March 13 – Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Duchess of Guise (d. 1723)
• April 4 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721)
• April 5 – Nicolas Pasquin, early pioneer in New France now Quebec (d. 1708)
• April 7 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)
• April 8 – Charles, Count of Marsan, French noble (d. 1708)
• April 9 – Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
• April 13 – Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (d. 1717)
• April 16 – Antoine de Pas de Feuquières, French soldier (d. 1711)
• April 20 – Maurice Bocland (1648–1710), English Member of Parliament (d. 1710)
• April 23 – Philip Verheyen, Flemish physician (d. 1711)
• April 26 – King Peter II of Portugal (d. 1712)
• May 12 – Philip Foley, English politician (d. 1716)
• May 14 – René de Froulay de Tessé, Marshal of France (d. 1725)
• May 15 – William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (d. 1725)
• May 23 – Johan Teyler, Dutch painter (d. 1709)
• May 24 – Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d. 1699)
• June 18 – Petrus Houttuyn, Dutch botanist (d. 1709)
• July 2 – Arp Schnitger, German organ builder (d. 1719)
• July 19 – Jakub Kresa, Mathematician (d. 1715)
• July 21 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (d. 1689)
• July 25 – Joseph Anthelmi (d. 1697)
• July 30 – Anne Marie Thérèse de Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1661)
• August 5 – Guichard Joseph Duverney, French anatomist (d. 1730)
• August 9 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
• August 11 – Jeremiah Shepard, American colonist (d. 1720)
• August 14 – Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt, French noble (d. 1718)
• August 22 – Gerard Hoet, Dutch painter (d. 1733)
• August 22 – Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia, first son and heir of Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1649)
• August 30 – Jean-Baptiste Morvan de Bellegarde (d. 1734)
• September 2 – Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels, German noblewoman (d. 1681)
• September 6 – Johann Schelle, German composer (d. 1701)
• September 10 – Nicolas Desmarets, Controller-General of Finances under Louis XIV of France (d. 1721)
• September 14 – Caspar Neumann, German professor and clergyman (d. 1715)
• September 14 – Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil (d. 1728)
• September 24 – Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston, English politician (d. 1695)
• September 27 – Charles Gustav of Baden-Durlach, German general (d. 1703)
• September 27 – Michelangelo Tamburini, Superior General of the Society of Jesuits (d. 1730)
• October 3 – Élisabeth Sophie Chéron (d. 1711)
• October 6 – Henrietta Catharina, Baroness von Gersdorff (d. 1726)
• October 13 – Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (d. 1664)
• October 19 – Domenico Viva, Italian Jesuit theologian (d. 1726)
• October 22 – Aleijda Wolfsen, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692)
• November 12 – Louis-Hector de Callière, French politician (d. 1703)
• November 15 – Juan María de Salvatierra, Italian Jesuit priest and missionary (d. 1717)
• November 16 – Charles Duncombe (English banker), British politician (d. 1711)
• November 24 – Humphrey Humphreys, British bishop (d. 1712)
• November 27 – Petrus Codde, First Old Catholic bishop (d. 1710)
• December 5 – Charles François d'Angennes, Marquis de Maintenon, French nobleman, Caribbean buccaneer (d. 1691)
• December 6 – Leonard Goffiné, German Catholic priest and writer (d. 1719)
• December 15 – Gregory King, English statistician (d. 1712)
• December 20 – Tommaso Ceva, Italian Jesuit mathematician (d. 1737)
• December 23 – Robert Barclay, Scottish Quaker (d. 1690)
• date unknown
  • Anne de Rohan-Chabot, short term mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1709)
  • Kong Shangren, Qing Chinese dramatist and poet.

Deaths

• February 2 – George Abbot, English writer (b. c. 1605)
• February 28 – Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1577)
• March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish writer (b. 1571)
• March 14 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584)
• April 12 – Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, regent of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1578)
• May 20 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland (b. 1595)
• May 26 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (b. 1597)
• August 18 – Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1615)
• August 20 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (b. 1583)
• September 1 – Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588)
• November 17 – Thomas Ford, English composer (b. c. 1580)