1960 in science
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
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The year 1960 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents
Astronomy and space exploration
- August 11 – The return capsule of the U.S. Discoverer 13 Corona mission is successfully recovered from the Pacific Ocean, the first time any man-made object has been recovered successfully from orbit.[1]
- September – A Soviet SS-2 Sibling missile is successfully launched in a suborbital test from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, the first Chinese spaceflight.
- October 4 – The U.S. Army Courier 1B, the world's first active communications repeater satellite, is launched into low earth orbit.
Biology
- February 13
- Max Perutz publishes the structure of hemoglobin.[2]
- John Kendrew publishes the structure of myoglobin.[3]
- March 5 – British marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy announces his aquatic ape hypothesis, theorising that swimming and diving for food exerted a strong evolutionary effect partly responsible for the divergence in the common descent of humans and other great apes.[4]
- July – Robert Burns Woodward publishes a total synthesis of chlorophyll.[5]
- July 14 – English primatologist Jane Goodall arrives at what will become Gombe Stream National Park in Tanganyika to begin her groundbreaking behavioral study of chimpanzees in the wild.
- November 4 – At the Kasakela Chimpanzee Community, Jane Goodall observes a chimpanzee using a grass stalk to extract termites from a termite hill, the first recorded case of tool use by animals.
- Jacques Ruffié invents hemotyping.
- Juan Oro finds that concentrated solutions of ammonium cyanide in water can produce the nucleotide adenine.
- Four independent researchers (Sam Weiss, Jerard Hurwitz, Audrey Stevens and J. Bonner) discover the bacterial RNA polymerase that regulates the polymerization of nucleotides under the control of DNA.[6]
- Climatron geodesic dome greenhouse opens at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis.[7]
Computer science
- August – Edsger W. Dijkstra and Jaap A. Zonneveld produce the first (X1) implementation of the ALGOL 60 programming language.[8][9]
- John McCarthy of MIT publishes the Lisp programming language.[10]
Earth sciences
- May 22 – Valdivia earthquake: Chile's subduction fault ruptures from Talcahuano to the Taitao Peninsula (with its epicenter near Lumaco), causing the most powerful earthquake on record (with a magnitude of 9.5) and a tsunami.
- Harry Hammond Hess proposes the concept of seafloor spreading.[11][12]
Exploration
- January 23 – Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh reach bottom in the Mariana Trench in United States Navy bathyscaphe Trieste at a depth of 10,916 m.
- May 10 – The nuclear submarine USS Triton, under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr., completes the first underwater circumnavigation of the Earth.
Mathematics
- Wacław Sierpiński proves the existence of Sierpinski numbers.
- In the classification of finite simple groups, Michio Suzuki and Rimhak Ree introduce Suzuki–Ree groups;[13][14] and John G. Thompson, Walter Feit and Marshall Hall prove that a group with a fixed-point-free automorphism of prime order is nilpotent, and that all finite simple CN groups of odd order are cyclic.[15]
Medicine
- April 15 – William C. Chardack implants the first fixed-rate cardiac pacemaker with mercury battery, designed by Wilson Greatbatch.[16]
- May 2 – The first coronary artery bypass surgery is performed by a team led by Dr. Robert Goetz and thoracic surgeon Dr. Michael Rohman with the assistance of Drs. Jordan Haller and Ronald Dee at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Bronx Municipal Hospital Center in the United States using internal mammary artery as the donor vessel; the patient survives for 9 months.[17][18]
- May 9 – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making it the world's first approved combined oral contraceptive pill.
- June 6 – The American Heart Association announces a strong statistical association between heavy cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease.[19]
- October 30 – The first kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom is performed by a team led by English surgeon Michael Woodruff at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh between identical twins.[20]
Meteorology
- April 1 – The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1.
Metrology
- October – 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures establishes International System of Units, abbreviated SI from the French name, Le Système international d'unités.[21][22]
Paleontology
- November 4 – OH 7, first fragments of Homo habilis, discovered by Jonathan Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.[23]
Physics
- March 22 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser.
- May 16 – Theodore Maiman demonstrates the first working laser, a ruby laser, at Hughes Research Laboratories.
Technology
- A tungsten halogen lamp bulb is patented by General Electric engineer Fredrick Moby.[24]
- Prototype Pentax Spotmatic single-lens reflex camera, pioneering through-the-lens metering, is presented.[25]
Births
- May 3 – Jaron Lanier, American computer scientist.
- October 18 – Craig Mello, American biologist.
- December 24 – Carol Vorderman, British mathematician.
Deaths
- April 24 – Max von Laue (born 1879), German physicist, winner of the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics.
- May 8 – J. H. C. Whitehead (born 1904), British mathematician.
- June 17 – Sir Harold Gillies (born 1882), New Zealand-born plastic surgeon.
References
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. More legible PDF at Elaine Morgan's The Aquatic Ape Theory website.
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- ↑ 11th CGPM (1960): Resolution 12.
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- ↑ U.S. Patent 3,243,634.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ At Photokina.