Academic ranks in Russia

Academic ranks in Russia are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

Overview

• Professor (full professor), usually Doktor Nauk, Doctor of Science (Doctor of Sc.),
• Associate professor (Docent, доцент), usually .
• Senior lecturer, senior teacher (старший преподаватель) - normally an experienced teacher (at least 3 years of teaching experience) but before Candidate of Sciences, dissertation defence
• Assistant (ассистент) - entry-level faculty member
• Research technician (техник), lab manager (лаборант), and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty, most of them are undergraduate or graduate students.

Administrative positions:

• Rector (Russian: ректор)
• Provost (Russian: первый проректор)
• Vice-rectors (academic, research, financial, foreign activity)
• Dean (Russian: декан)
• Associate deans (academic, research)
• Chair (head) of a department (Russian: заведующий кафедрой)
• Head of administrative departments

Professorship

In Russia the university academic career to the rank of Professor usually starts right after graduation. A Master of Science or a Specialist (a specific Russian form of graduation after 5–6 years of study) can be recruited as an Assistant (lecturer). Assistants have a right to deliver lectures and examine students mainly in all courses except faculty stream courses (with over 50 students from different departments) as well as conduct seminars and laboratory sessions. Assistants also conduct research in their field and direct supervise students's research work and graduate thesis. Usually after 3 or 4 years Assistant completes and defends his PhD thesis. The preparation for the defense includes writing thesis (approximately 150-200 pages), which presents the results of his/her own research work, done under a supervision of a professor. Several papers on the topic should be also published in Russian or peer-reviewed scientific journals accredited by VAK (see below). Finally, to be able to defend the thesis one should pass 3 exams: in his field of science, in foreign language and in history and philosophy of science. The defense itself is an official procedure and includes presenting the thesis to the Dissertation Council – several professors, including at least an appointed reviewer, two official opponents and the supervisor, who helped the Assistant in conducting his/her research. After the presentation the professors vote, and decide whether to recommend/not to recommend the dissertant to the rank of Candidate of Science. The right for final decision belongs to the VAK (governmental commission, granting official academic ranks), but it usually follows the recommendation of the Dissertation Council. In rare cases the dissertant can be called to go through the defense in VAK (Russian: ВАК). At last a person is granted with a title "Candidate of Science" (Russian: кандидат наук), which can be dismissed only within 10 years starting from VAK final decision.

As soon as the Assistant gets the title he/she usually goes to the post of Docent (in case Assistant have already written as many as 10 scientific papers and developed some educational materials). A Docent has a right to give lectures in all type of courses and to examine students. Most academic careers finish at this stage. To go further one should write the second thesis, something very close to Habilitation in Germany. The second thesis is a very big research work, which often takes more than 10 years to be completed. The thesis is not limited in volume, but typically is around 300 pages, though some thesis which exceed 1000 pages. It generally requires fundamental research or a new research direction in a particular field. It can be a summary of the candidate's previous research, but should be of significant scientific, cultural, or social value. Another requirement is to have a large number of publications and a monograph. In some cases a monograph can work as a thesis if not too narrow in research.

The procedure of "defense" is similar, and at the end VAK grants one the title of Doctor of Science (Russian = доктор наук). The title gives a person the right to supervise PhD students, and to apply for the rank of Professor. The rank of Professor also requires a number of papers, books and educational works. The number of graduate students, and, if there are such, PhD students who passed through the defense successfully is also taken into account, but usually by the time a person gets the Doctor of Science title, he/she has accomplished a lot. The rank of Professor is exceedingly rarely achieved at the age of less than 40. This rank gives one the right to hold a faculty chair position, to be an examiner, to take part in the university's council, etc.

However, in Russia, holders of the Doctor of Science degree who work at research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and are not involved in teaching students (lecturing) but mainly in scientific or technological research, may also apply for a "Professor in a specialty" academic degree. Thus, there are two kinds of 'Professor' titles. First, there is "Professor by a Chair" (Russian = профессор по кафедре); e.g., "Professor by the Chair of Microbiology", if the scientist has some required minimum of teaching hours per semester at this Chair at a university or a higher institute, plus scientific publications and published educational papers, and has been nomineed by this Chair for the Professor title to VAK. Second, there is "Professor in a specialty" (Russian = профессор по специальности); e.g., "Professor in physical chemistry" (the list of specialties is the same as for dissertations). In this case, a person who has been holding a DSc degree for minimum 1 year (and has been working on a position of Head of Laboratory or Leading Scientist for minimum 1 year) does not need to have lecturing experience and published educational papers but should have a minimum of 5 PhD students who, under his/her supervision, have successfully defended their Cand. Sci. dissertations, in which this specialty either was the main or, in part of them, constituted a substantial part of their research work in a closely related field. Besides that, the applicant should have a good record of scientific publications and other academic achievements. The Learned Council of the Institute where the applicant for such a Professor title works, upon his/her primary application to this Council, votes and decides whether to recommend or not to recommend to apply on behalf of the applicant to VAK. If approved by the Learned Council, the application is submitted to VAK which, usually within a few months, decides whether to approve or not to approve the title "Professor" in the specialty.

See also

• Academic degree#Russia
• Dissernet
• Higher Attestation Commission
• Doktor Nauk