Actinobacteria

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Actinobacteria
Actinomyces israelii.jpg
Scanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Actinobacteria
Class:
Actinobacteria

Stackebrandt et al. 1997
Subclasses & Orders

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar/candidate at line 22: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Actinobacteria is a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA.[1] The G+C content of Actinobacteria can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content.[2] They can be terrestrial or aquatic.[3] Although understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in freshwaters.[4] Actinobacteria is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces.[5] Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of Actinobacteria.[6]

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinobacteria, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.[7]

General

Most Actinobacteria of medical or economic significance are in subclass Actinobacteridae, and belong to the order: Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics.

Of those Actinobacteria not in Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched. Classification of Gardnerella is controversial, and MeSH catalogues it as both a gram-positive and gram-negative organism.[8]

Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces sp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials,[9] antifungals,[10] antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, anti-tumor drugs and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and growth promoting substances for plants and animals.[11][12] Actinobacteria-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines etc.

Streptomyces and other actinobacteria are major contributors to biological buffering of soils and have roles in organic matter decomposition conductive to crop production.[13]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [14] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[15] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [16]



?Candidatus Planktophila limnetica Jezbera et al. 2009



?Cathayosporangium alboflavumRunmao et al. 1995



?Tonsillophilus suisAzuma and Bak 1980



Rubrobacter Suzuki et al. 1989



  Thermoleophilidae

Gaiella occulta Albuquerque et al. 2012




Thermoleophilum Zarilla and Perry 1986



Solirubrobacterales






Coriobacteriaceae




Acidimicrobiales



 Nitriliruptoridae

Euzebya tangerina Kurahashi et al. 2010



Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus Sorokin et al. 2009



  Actinomycetales

?Boyliae praeputialeYates et al. 2002



?Frankia alni(Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895



?Motilibacter peucedani Lee 2012



Acidothermus cellulolyticus Mohagheghi et al. 1986






Jiangellaceae




Micromonosporaceae




Propionibacterineae





Actinocatenispora Thawai et al. 2006 emend. Seo and Lee 2009



Glycomycetaceae




Streptosporangineae








Pseudonocardiaceae [incl. Actinopolyspora]



Corynebacterineae






Catenulisporineae




Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943 emend. Witt and Stackebrandt 1991 [incl. Kitasatospora & Streptacidiphilus]





Sporichthya Lechevalier et al. 1968



Cryptosporangiaceae





Geodermatophilaceae




Nakamurellaceae




Kineosporiaceae




Kineococcus Yokota et al. 1993




Angustibacter luteus Tamura et al. 2010



Micrococcineae [incl. Actinomycetaceae & Bifidobacteriaceae]

















Notes:
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

See also

References

  1. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
  6. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Gardnerella at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. All-Species Living Tree Project.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links