Adapteva

Adapteva, Inc

Industry	Semiconductor industry
Founded	March 2008
Founder	Andreas Olofsson
Headquarters	Lexington, Massachusetts, US
Key people	Andreas Olofsson, CEO
Products	Central processing units
Owner	Privately funded
Website	adapteva.com

Adapteva is a fabless semiconductor company focusing on low power many core microprocessor design. The company was the second company to announce a design with 1,000 specialized processing cores on a single chip.

Adapteva was founded in March 2008 by Andreas Olofsson with the goal of bringing a 10× advancement in floating point performance per watt for the mobile device market. The company is known for products based on its Epiphany scalable multi-core MIMD architecture and it's Parallella Kickstarter project promoting "a supercomputer for everyone" in September 2012.

The company name is a combination of "adapt" and the Hebrew word "Teva" meaning nature. The name is a reflection of the company's key technology and business philosophy.

History

Adapteva was founded in March 2008 by Andreas Olofsson. The company was founded with the goal of bringing a 10× advancement in floating point processing energy efficiency for the mobile device market. In May 2009, Mr. Olofsson had taped out the first prototype based on a new type of massively parallel multi-core computer architecture. The initial prototype was implemented in 65 nm and had 16 independent microprocessor cores. The initial prototypes enabled Adapteva to secure US$1.5M in Series-A funding from BittWare, a company from Concord, New Hampshire, in October 2009.

Adapteva's first commercial chip product started sampling to customers in early May 2011 and they soon thereafter announced the capability to put up to 4,096 cores on a single chip.

The current version, Epiphany III, was announced in October 2011 and has been taped-out at 28 nm and is available in 65nm, while the 64-cores, 28nm version was said to be generally available in January 2012, and has been sampled and shipped but isn't generally available as of August 2014.

Products

Adapteva's main product family is the Epiphany scalable multi-core MIMD architecture. The Epiphany architecture could accommodate chips with up to 4,096 RISC out-of-order microprocessors, all sharing a single 32-bit flat memory space. Each RISC processor in the Epiphany architecture is superscalar with 64× 32-bit unified register file (integer or single precision) microprocessor operating up to 1 GHz and capable of 2 GFLOPS (single precision). Epiphany's RISC processors use a custom instruction set architecture (ISA) optimised for single precision floating point, but are programmable in high level ANSI C using a standard GNU-GCC tool chain. Each RISC processor (in current implementations; not fixed in the architecture) has 32 KB of local memory. Code (possibly duplicated in each core) and stack space should be in that local memory; in addition (most) temporary data should fit there for full speed. Data can also be used from other processor cores local memory at a speed penalty, or off-chip RAM with much larger speed penalty.

The memory architecture is unusual in that it doesn't employ explicit hierarchy or hardware caches, similar to the Sony/Toshiba/IBM cell processor, but with the additional benefit of off-chip & inter-core loads & stores being supported - which simplifies porting software to the architecture. It is a hardware implementation of partitioned global address space.

This eliminates the need for complex cache coherency hardware, which places a practical limit on the number of cores in a traditional multicore system. The design allows the programmer to leverage greater foreknowledge of independent data access patterns to avoid the runtime cost of figuring this out. All processor nodes are connected through a Network On Chip, allowing efficient message passing.

Scalability

The architecture is designed to scale almost indefinitely with 4 e-links allowing multiple chips to be combined in a grid topology, allowing for systems with thousands of cores.

Epiphany multi-core coprocessors

File:Adapteva Parallella DK02 - Epiphany (15455181926).jpg

16-core Adapteva Epiphany chip, E16G301, from Parallella single-board computer.

On August 19, 2012, Adapteva posted some specifications and information about Epiphany multi-core coprocessors.

Technical info for	E16G301	E64G401
Cores	16	64
Core MHz	1000	800
Core GFLOPS/s	2	1.6
"Sum GHz"	16	51.2
Sum GFLOPS	32	102
mm²	8.96	8.2
nm	65	28
W def.	0.9	1.4
W max.	2	2

In September 2012, a 16-core version, the Epiphany-III (E16G301), was produced using 65 nm (11.5 mm², 500 MHz chip) and engineering samples of 64-core Epiphany-IV (E64G401) were produced using 28 nm GlobalFoundries process (800 MHz).

The primary markets for the Epiphany multi-core architecture include:

• Smartphone applications such as real-time facial recognition, speech recognition, translation, and augmented reality.
• Next generation supercomputers requiring drastically better energy efficiency to allow systems to scale to exaflop computing levels.
• Floating point acceleration in embedded systems based on field-programmable gate array architectures.

Parallella project

File:Adapteva Parallella DK02 - Top (15478282925).jpg

Parallella single-board computer with 16-core Epiphany chip and Zynq-7010 FPGA.

In September 2012, Adapteva started project Parallella on Kickstarter, which was marketed as "A Supercomputer for everyone." Architecture reference manuals for the platform were published as part of the campaign to attract attention to the project. The US$750,000 funding goal was reached in a month, with a minimum contribution of US$99 entitling backers to obtain one device; although the initial deadline was set for May 2013, the first single-board computers with 16-core Epiphany chip were finally shipped in December 2013.

Size of board is planned to be 86 mm × 53 mm (3.4 in × 2.1 in).

The campaign successfully raised US$898,921 via the Kickstarter campaign. Raising US$3 million goal was unsuccessful, so no 64-core version of Parallella will be mass-produced. Kickstarter users having donated more than US$750 will get "parallella-64" variant with 64-core coprocessor (made from initial prototype manufacturing with 50 chips yield per wafer).

	Parallella-16 Micro Server	Parallella-16 Desktop Computer	Parallella-16 Embedded Platfrom
Use Case	Ethernet connected headless server	A personal computer	Leading edge embedded systems
Processor	Dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-A9 with NEON at 1 GHz (part of Zynq Z7010 chip by Xilinx)		Dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-A9 with NEON at 1 GHz (part of Zynq Z7020 chip by Xilinx)
Coprocessor	16-core Epiphany III multi-core accelerator (E16)
Memory	1 GB DDR3L RAM
Ethernet	10/100/1000
USB	N/A	2× USB 2.0 (USB 2.0 HS and USB OTG)
Display	N/A	HDMI
Storage	16 GB microSD
Expansion	N/A	2 eLinks + 24 GPIO	2 eLinks + 24 GPIO
FPGA	28K Programmable Logic Cells 80 Programmable DSP Slices		80K Programmable Logic Cells 220 Programmable DSP Slices
Weight	36 g (1.3 oz)	38 g (1.3 oz)
Size	3.5 mm × 2.1 mm × 0.625 mm (0.1378 in × 0.0827 in × 0.0246 in)
SKU	P1600-DK-xx	P1601-DK-xx	P1602-DK-xx
HTS Code	8471.41.0150
Power	USB powered (2.5 W) or 5 V DC (~5 W)

Performance

Joel Hruska from Extremetech has the following derogatory opinion about this project: "Adapteva is drastically overselling what the Epiphany IV can actually deliver. 16–64 tiny cores with small amounts of memory, no local caches, and a relatively low clock speed can still be useful in certain workloads, but contributors aren't buying a supercomputer—they're buying the real-world equivalent of a self-sealing stem bolt."

The criticism that the Epiphany chips cannot provide anywhere near the performance of modern supercomputers is nevertheless correct: actually, current Epiphany chips with 16-cores or 64-cores and c. 25 or 100 GFLOPs in single precision, respectively, do not even match the floating-point performance of modern desktop PC processors (Core i7-4770K (Haswell), 4× cores @ 3.5 GHz AVX2: 177 GFLOPS, double precision) – a fact that is acknowledged by Adapteva.

However, the latest Parallella boards with E16 Epiphany chips can be compared to many ancient supercomputers in terms of raw performance (just as an example, the Cray 1 – the first supercomputer per se – had a peak performance of 80 MFLOPS at 1976, and its successor the Cray 2 had a peak performance of 1.9 GFLOPS at 1985), and can certainly be used for parallel code development; The architectural similarities to supercomputers (message passing and NUMA) make it a potentially useful development system, compared to traditional SMP machines.

The point being that for a power envelope of 5 W and in terms of GFLOPS/mm² of chip die space, the current E16 Epiphany chips provide vastly more performance than anything else available to date, with an architecture designed to scale, and applicable to more than just embarrassingly parallel GPU tasks.(e.g. it would be capable of running the actor model with many concurrent, fully independent states). It is also suitable for DSP-like tasks where data could be fed directly on chip (from an FPGA or other ASIC) without having to create buffers in temporary memory as for a GPU), making it ideal for robotics & other intelligent sensor applications.

The architecture also allows parallella boards to be combined into a cluster with a fast inter-chip 'eMesh' interconnect, extending the logical grid of cores (creating almost unlimited scaling potential).

The 16-core Parallella has roughly 5.0 GFLOPs/W, and the 64-core Epiphany-IV made with 28 nm estimated as 50 GFLOPs/W (single precision), and 32-board system based on them has 15 GFLOPS/W. For comparison, top GPUs from AMD and Nvidia reached 10 GFLOPs/W for single precision in 2009–2011 timeframe.

Successor

The company has stated the aim to adopt the RISC-V ISA for as yet unnanounced follow up products.

See also

• partitioned global address space, a similar memory model found in some HPC applications
• CELL, a multicore processor utilising scratchpad memory and inter-core DMA
• IBM TrueNorth, a design by IBM with a radically different neuromorphic processor, but utilising a similar network on chip, extendable with a grid of chips
• Kalray , a company producing a similar network-on-chip RISC processor, aimed at workloads such as convolutional neural networks for vision, again able to extend it's grid between multiple chips
• Vision Processing Unit, a class of processor with significant overlapping features
• GRVI Phalanx, an FPGA RISC-V softcore with some similar features
• NUMA

Further reading

• Linley Gwennap, Adapteva: More Flops, Less Watts. Epiphany Offers Floating-Point Accelerator for Mobile Processors. // Microprocessor Report, June 2011

External links

• Official website
• Parallella Specifications