Aisin Gioro

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Aisin Gioro
Chinese: 爱新觉罗氏
Jin dynasty
Royal house
Emblem of the Emperor of Manchukuo.svg
Country  China  Manchukuo
Estates Summer Palace (Beijing)
Old Summer Palace (Beijing)
Mukden Palace (Shenyang)
Chengde Mountain Resort (Chengde)
Parent house Qing dynasty
Titles
Style(s) "His/Her Imperial Majesty"
Founded 1616; 408 years ago (1616)
Founder Nurhaci
Final ruler Puyi
Current head Jin Yuzhang[1]
Deposition 1912 (1912)
Ethnicity Manchu
Aisin Gioro
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 愛新覺羅
Simplified Chinese 爱新觉罗
Manchu name
Manchu script AisinGioro2.svg

Aisin Gioro is the last name of a Chinese noble family and imperial clan of Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty. The House of Aisin Gioro ruled China from 1644 until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911-12, which established a republican government in its place. The word aisin means gold in the Manchu language, and "gioro" is the name of the place in present-day Yilan, Heilongjiang Province. In Manchu custom, families are identified first by their Hala (哈拉), i.e. their family or clan name, and then by Mukūn (穆昆), the more detailed classification, typically referring to individual families. In the case of Aisin Gioro, Aisin is the Mukūn, and Gioro is the Hala. Other members of the Gioro clan include Irgen Gioro (伊尔根觉罗), Susu Gioro (舒舒觉罗) and Sirin Gioro (西林觉罗).

The Jin dynasty (jin means gold in Chinese) of the Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, was known as aisin gurun, and the Qing dynasty was initially named (Amaga aisin gurun1.png) amaga aisin gurun, or Later Jin dynasty. Since the fall of the Empire, a number of members of the family have changed their surnames to Jin (Chinese: 金) since it has the same meaning as "Aisin". For example, Puyi's younger brother changed his name from Aisin-Gioro Puren (愛新覺羅溥任) to Jin Youzhi (金友之) and his children in turn are surnamed Jin.

Family generation names

Before the founding of the Qing dynasty, the naming of children in the Aisin Gioro clan was essentially arbitrary and followed no particular rules. The Manchu people originally did not use generation names before they moved into China proper; prior to the Shunzhi era, children of the imperial clan were given only a Manchu-language name, for example Dorgon.[2][3]

After taking control of China, however, the family gradually incorporated Han Chinese naming conventions.[4][5] During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, all of Kangxi's sons were to be named with a generation prefix preceding the given name. There were three characters initially used, Cheng (承), Bao (保), and Chang (长), before finally settling on Yin (胤) over a decade into Kangxi's reign. The generation prefix of the Yongzheng Emperor's sons switched from Fu (福) to Hong (弘). Following Yongzheng, the Qianlong Emperor decreed that all subsequent male offspring would have a generation prefix placed in their name according to a Generation Poem, for which the Qianlong Emperor composed the first four characters, yong-mian-yi-zai (永綿奕載). Moreover, direct descendants of the emperor will often share a similar radical or meaning in the final character. A common radical was shared in the second character of the first name of royals who were in line to the throne, however, royals who were not in line to the throne did not necessarily share the radical in their name.[6] In one case, the Yongzheng Emperor changed the generation code of his brothers as a way of keeping his own name unique. Such practices apparently ceased to exist after the Daoguang Era.

  Order Generation code Radical code Examples
1 Yongzheng Emperor Yin, 胤/Yun, 允 Fortune (Shi) 示 Yinzhi, 胤祉
2 Qianlong Emperor Hong, 弘 Sun/Day (Ri) 日 Hongzhou, 弘晝
3 Jiaqing Emperor Yong, 永/Yong, 顒 Jade (Yu) 玉 Yongqi,永琪
4 Daoguang Emperor Mian, 綿/Min, 旻 Emotion (Xin) 心 Mianyu, 綿愉
5 Xianfeng Emperor Yi, 奕 Literary (Yan) 言 Yixin, 奕訢
6 Guangxu Emperor Zai, 載 Water (Shui) 水 Zaifeng, 載灃
7 Xuantong Emperor Pu, 溥 Human (Single Ren) 人 Pujie, 溥傑
8 Yu'e, 毓峨 Yu, 毓 Mountain (Shan) 山 Yuzhan, 毓嶦
9 Hengtai, 恒鈦 Heng, 恒 Metal/Gold (Jin) 金 Hengjiang, 恒鏹

Subsequent: Qi 启, Dao 焘, Kai 闿, Zeng 增, Qi 祺

Foundation

The Aisin Gioro clan, as a Manchu clan, claimed descent from the Jurchen people, who founded the Jin dynasty nearly five centuries earlier under the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan. However, the Aisin Gioro and Wanyan clans are unrelated.

The Aisin Gioro claimed their progenitor Bukūri Yongšon was the result of a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens including one named Fekulen were bathing at a lake near Changbai mountain called Bulhūri omo, when a mapgpie dropped a piece of red fruit near her and she ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon.

The Aisin Gioro also claimed descent from Mentemu of the Odoli clan, who served as Chieftains of the Jianzhou Jurchens.

Under Nurhaci and his son Hong Taiji, the Aisin Gioro clan of the Jianzhou tribe won hegemony among the rival Jurchen tribes of the northeast, then through warfare and alliances extended its control into Inner Mongolia. Nurhachi created large, permanent civil-military units called “banners” to replace the small hunting groups used in his early campaigns. A banner was composed of smaller companies; it included some 7,500 warriors and their households, including slaves, under the command of a chieftain. Each banner was identified by a coloured flag that was yellow, white, blue, or red, either plain or with a border design. Originally there were four, then eight, Manchu banners; new banners were created as the Manchu conquered new regions, and eventually there were Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese banners, eight for each ethnic group. By 1648 less than one-sixth of the bannermen were actually of Manchu ancestry. The Manchu conquest was thus achieved with a multiethnic army led by Manchu nobles and Han Chinese generals. Han Chinese soldiers were organized into the Army of the Green Standard, which became a sort of imperial constabulary force posted throughout China and on the frontiers.

From Fanca to Ningguta Beise

Suffering from tyranny, the people raided Odoli and killed all Bukūri Yongšon's descendants except Fanca. A magpie saved Fanca's life. Fanca's descendant Mengtemu went eastward to execute his ancestors' revenge in Hetu Ala and settled there. Mengtemu's sons were Cungšan and Cuyan. Cungšan's sons were Tolo, Toimo, and Sibeoci Fiyanggū. Sibeoci Fiyanggū's son was Fuman, and Fuman's six sons were called Ningguta Beise (Six Kings; or ningguta i mafa), who lived around Hetu Ala.

Mengtemu is identified as Möngke Temür (猛哥帖木儿), who left Odoli at the invitation of the Ming dynasty and was appointed as leader of the Jianzhou Left Guard. On the other hand, the founder of the Jianzhou Right Guard was Möngke Temür's half-brother Fanca. It is unclear whether he was the same person as Mentemu's ancestor, or if this was just a mistake by the Manchus. The Jianzhou Left Guard fell into chaos in the early 16th century. In addition, Sibeoci Fiyanggū and Fuman seem to have been fictional, because they did not appear in Chinese or Korean records. Maybe they were fabricated by the imperial family to claim its linkage to Möngke Temür.[citation needed]

1 Although Aisin Gioro is usually pronounced "Aixin Jueluo" in Mandarin, some argue that it should be "Aixin Jiaoluo", since the only pronunciation of the character 覺 corresponding to Manchu gio is jiao[citation needed].

Intermarriage and political alliances

Marriage with the Aisin Gioro family was used by the Qing emperors to further political alliances. The Qing offered Aisin Gioro princesses to Chinese generals during the Manchu conquest of China to induce them to surrender. Aisin Gioro princesses were also frequently married to Mongol princes.

The Manchus lured Chinese Generals into defecting and joining the Eight Banners by marrying them to women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family.[7] One Chinese General, Li Yongfang (Li Yung-fang) was bribed by the Manchus into defecting by being married to an Aisin Gioro wife, and being given a position in the banners. Many more Chinese abandoned their posts and joined the Manchus.[8] A mass marriage of Chinese to Manchu women numbering 1,000 took place in 1632 after Prince Yoto came up with the idea. They were either generals or officials.[9] It was said by the Manchu leader that "since the Chinese generals and Manchu women lived together and ate together, it would help these surrendered generals to forget their motherland."[10] Women from the Imperial family were also married to other Chinese who joined the Qing after their conquest of China.[11] Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals Sun Sike (Sun Ssu-k'o), Geng Jimao (Keng Chi-mao), Shang Kexi (Shang K'o-hsi), and Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei).[12] Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under Shunzhi and get married to Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong.[13]

Genetics

Haplogroup C3c has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.[14][15][16][17]

Notable Aisin-Gioros

Emperors

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Main article: List of emperors of the Qing dynasty

Iron-cap princes and their descendants

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Main article: Qing dynasty nobility

By Qing tradition, the sons of Princes do not automatically inherit their father's title, but rather will inherit a title one level lower. However, there were 12 princes during the Qing dynasty who were named "iron-cap princes" (铁帽子王), meaning that their princely titles will be "passed on forever" through each succeeding generation.

Prominent political figures

Yinti, Prince Xun, 14th son of the Kangxi Emperor, general in Xinjiang, rumoured successor to the throne

Others

Present-day

Images
Founder of the Qing Aisin Gioro, Nurhaci sitting on his throne 
Nurhaci 
Nurhaci 
Nurhaci 
Nurhaci 
Puyi wearing a Manchu Queue. 
Qing Prince Zaitao wearing a Manchu Queue. 
Qing Prince Zaitao. 
Qing Prince Gong. 
Qing Prince Gong. 
Qing Prince Gong. 
Qing Prince Zaixun. 
Qing Prince Zaixun. 
Qing Prince Zaixun. 
Qing Prince Yixuan. 
Qing Prince Yixuan and his wife. 
Qing Prince Yixuan with Minister Lihongzhang and Shanqing. 
Qing Prince Yixuan. 
Qing Prince Yixuan. 
Qing Prince Zaizhen. 
Qing Prince Shanqi. 
Qing Prince Shanqi. 
Qing Prince Chun. 
Qing Prince Chun. 
Qing Prince Chun. 
Qing Prince Chun and family. 
Qing Prince Chun. 
Qing Prince Chun, Puyi, and Pujie. 
Qing Prince Yixuan. 
Qing Prince Qing. 

See also

References

  1. ↑ Heir to China's throne celebrates a modest life, The Age, November 27, 2004
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ eds. Watson, Ebrey 1991, pp. 179-180.
  13. ↑ Wakeman 1986, p. 1017.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ [1][dead link]
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ [2] Archived November 25, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ [3] Archived April 18, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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