Albert Abrams
| Albert Abrams | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Born | December 8, 1863 |
| Died | Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Doctor |
| Known for | Claiming to be able to cure almost any disease |
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Albert Abrams (1863–1924) was an American doctor, well known during his life for inventing machines which he claimed could diagnose and cure almost any disease. These claims were challenged from the outset. Towards the end of his life, and again shortly after his death, many of his machines and conclusions were demonstrated to be intentionally deceptive or false.
Contents
Biography
Albert Abrams was born in San Francisco December 8, 1863, although different other dates have also been reported .[1] On October 8, 1878 he inscribed at Medical College of the Pacific, worked as an assistant of Prof. Douglass and Prof. Hirschfelder, and got a medical degree on October 30, 1881. Then he went to Heidelberg, Germany, and graduated there in November 1882 [2] before undertaking further studies in London, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris. According to Wilson ,[3] Albert Abrams was awarded an M. D. by the Cooper College in 1883. He served on the teaching staff of the College for a total of fourteen years - five years (1885-1889) as Demonstrator of Pathology; four years (1890-1893) as Adjunct to the Chair of Clinical Medicine and Demonstrator of Pathology; and five years (1894-1898) as Professor of Pathology. He was elected vice-president of the California State Medical Society in 1889 and was made president of the San Francisco Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1893. In the beginning of the 1900s he had become a respected expert in neurology. From 1904 he was president of the Emanuel Polyclinic in San Francisco.[4] Albert Abrams published numerous books from 1891 to 1923 .[5] He died January 13, 1924, from a broncho-pneumonia in San Francisco.
Heidelberg doctorate claim
Abrams was accused to fraudulently have claimed a medical qualification from the University of Heidelberg;[6] However documents from Archive of University Heidelberg confirm that Albert Abrams received a medical degree there on 21 November 1882.[7]
In Abrams' view, American medicine was dominated by physicians with excessive admiration for German doctors and researchers. In earlier writings, he aroused the anger of physicians by dubbing them Dr. Hades or Dr. Inferior, by comparing their looks to typhoid and other germs, and by making fun of various abstruse therapies that at the time were considered "scientific" by the medical establishment. In a poem that he wrote on balloon therapy, for instance, the doctors take their patients up in the air but do not know how to bring the balloon down again. The poem ends with the lines: But they never came back. That's why we confess / Aëronautic therapy is not a success.[8]
Spondylotherapy
Albert Abrams developed a medical technique called Spondylotherapy, which was inspired by chiropractic and osteopathic ideas. Basic principle is the stimulation of nerves originating from the spinal cord, which can trigger reflex actions on viscera or inner organs. The stimulation is performed by controlled concussion with a plexor / pleximeter combination directly on the spinous processes, by sinusoidal electric currents or by application of ice. Albert Abrams published the book Spondylotherapy in several editions between 1910 and 1918.[9] A simplified version of Spondylotherapy was first published by Alva Emeey Gregory, M.D. in 1914.[10]
Electronic Reactions of Abrams
Abrams promoted an idea that electrons were the basic element of all life. He called this ERA, for Electronic Reactions of Abrams, and introduced a number of different machines which he claimed were based on these principles.
The machines
The Dynomizer looked something like a radio, and Abrams claimed it could diagnose any known disease from a single drop of blood or alternatively the subject's handwriting. He performed diagnoses on dried blood samples sent to him on pieces of paper in envelopes through the mail. Apparently Abrams even claimed he could conduct medical practice over the telephone with his machines,[11] and that he could determine personality characteristics.
The Dynomizer was big business; by 1918, courses in spondylotherapy and ERA cost $200 (about the same purchasing power as $3,150.36 in 2014); equipment was leased at about $200 with a monthly $5 charge thereafter. The lessee had to sign a contract stating the device would never be opened.[12] Abrams explained that this would disrupt their delicate adjustment, but the rule also served to prevent the Abrams devices from being examined. He then widened his claims to treating the diagnosed diseases. Abrams came up with new and even more impressive gadgets, the "Oscilloclast"[13] and the "Radioclast",[14] which came with tables of frequencies that were designed to "attack" specific diseases. Clients were told cures required repeated treatments.
Dynomizer operators tended to give alarming diagnoses, involving combinations of such maladies as cancer, diabetes and syphilis. Abrams often included a disease called "bovine syphilis," unknown to other medical practitioners. He claimed the Oscilloclast was capable of defeating most of these diseases, most of the time.
By 1921, there were claimed to be 3,500 practitioners using ERA technology. Conventional medical practitioners were extremely suspicious.[15]
An oscilloclast was refurbished in the 1970s by Bob de Vries, a product designer for Hewlett-Packard.[16] The owner of the oscilloclast was a Mrs. Packard who had found the therapy beneficial. DeVries not only restored the oscilloclast to working order, but developed a transistorized version for his client which he called a "pulsed oscillator".
A public uproar
In 1923, an elderly man who was diagnosed in the Mayo Clinic with inoperable stomach cancer went to an ERA practitioner, who declared him "completely cured" after treatments. The man died a month later and a public uproar followed.[citation needed]
Investigation
The dispute between Abrams and his followers and the American Medical Association (AMA) was intensified. Defenders included American radical author Upton Sinclair[17] and the famously credulous Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes. Resolution of the dispute through the intervention of a scientifically respected third party was pursued. Scientific American magazine decided to investigate Dr. Abrams' claims. Scientific American was interested in the matter as readers were writing letters to the editor saying that Abrams' revolutionary machines were one of the greatest inventions of the century and so needed to be discussed in the pages of the magazine.
Scientific American assembled a team of investigators who worked with a senior Abrams associate given the pseudonym "Doctor X". The investigators developed a series of tests and the magazine asked readers to suggest their own tests. The investigators asked Doctor X to identify six vials containing unknown pathogens. It seems likely that Doctor X honestly believed in his Abrams machines; in fact, he allowed the Scientific American investigators to observe his procedure. Doctor X got the contents of all six vials completely wrong. He examined the vials and pointed out that they had labels in red ink, which produced vibrations that confounded the instruments. The investigators gave him the vials again with less offensive labels, and he got the contents wrong again.
The results were published in Scientific American.[18] and led to a predictable debate in the letters pages between advocates and critics. The investigators continued their work. Abrams offered to "cooperate" with the investigators, but always failed to do so on various pretexts.[19] Abrams never actually participated in the investigation, and in ERA publications asserted he was a victim of unjust persecution.[20]
Debunking
An AMA member sent a blood sample to an Abrams practitioner, and got back a diagnosis that the patient had malaria, diabetes, cancer and syphilis. The blood sample was in fact from a Plymouth Rock rooster.
Similar samples were sent to other Abrams practitioners, and a few found themselves facing fraud charges in court. In a case in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Abrams was called to be a witness. Abrams did not attend court, because he died of pneumonia at age 62 shortly before the trial began in January 1924.[21] After his death, investigators with the Food and Drug Administration opened some of the doctor's boxes. One produced a magnetic field, similar to a doorbell; another was a low-powered radio wave transmitter.[22]
According to Rawcliffe, Abrams and his successors had "founded a good many special clinics in the United States and their number has by no means diminished in the ensuing years".[23]
See also
Notes
- ↑ JAMA. 1922;78(14):1072-1073. doi:10.1001/jama.1922.02640670058034
- ↑ Curriculum Vitae, hand-written by Albert Abrams, Heidelberg, 1881
- ↑ Wilson, Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective
- ↑ Russell, Edward, Report on Radionics, (London: Neville Spearman), p. 17
- ↑ Albert Abrams, List of published books on openlibrary.org
- ↑ History of Stanford medical school and predecessors : Chapter 26 Wilson
- ↑ Certificate of Doctors Degree, Albert Abrams, University of Heidelberg, 1882.
- ↑ Albert Abrams: Transactions of the Antiseptic Club, E.G. Treat, New York 1895
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- ↑ Dr. Albert Abrams and the E.R.A. at www.seanet.com
- ↑ Oscilloclast
- ↑ Radioclast
- ↑ .CA: A Journal for Cancer Clinicians, 1950
- ↑ Bob de Vries, Medical Consulting using low-level RF Treatment
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- ↑ Austin C. Lescarboura, "Our Abrams Investigation - VI." A Study of the Late Dr. Albert Abrams of San Francisco and His Work. Scientific American 1924 March; 130 (3):159
Austin C. Lescarboura, "Our Abrams Verdict. The Electronic Reactions of Abrams and Electronic Medicine in General Found Utterly Worthless. Scientific American 1924 Sep; 131 (3):158-159 - ↑ CA: A Journal for Cancer Clinicians, 1950
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- ↑ D.H. Rawcliffe: Illusions and Delusions of the Supernatural and the Occult, (Dover, New York) 1959, p.365
References
- Fishbein, M., The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults, including Osteopathy, Homeopathy, Chiropractic, and the Electronic Reactions of Abrams, with Essays on the Anti-Vivisectionists, Health Legislation, Physical Culture, Birth Control, and Rejuvenation, Boni & Liveright, (New York), 1925.
- Hale, A.R., "These Cults": An Analysis of the Foibles of Dr. Morris Fishbein's "Medical Follies" and an Indictment of Medical Practice in General, with a Non-Partisan Presentation of the Case for the Drugless Schools of Healing, Comprising Essays on Homeopathy, Osteopathy, Chiropractic, The Abrams Method, Vivisection, Physical Culture, Christian Science, Medical Publicity, The Cost of Hospitalization and State Medicine, National Health Foundation, (New York), 1926.
