Albert Gore Sr.

Albert Gore Sr.
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1971
Preceded by	Kenneth D. McKellar
Succeeded by	Bill Brock
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th district
In office January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	John R. Mitchell
Succeeded by	Joe L. Evins
Personal details
Born	Albert Arnold Gore (1907-12-26)December 26, 1907 Granville, Tennessee
Died	Carthage, Tennessee
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Pauline LaFon Gore
Children	Nancy LaFon Gore Albert Gore Jr.
Religion	Southern Baptist

Albert Arnold "Al" Gore Sr. (December 26, 1907 – December 5, 1998) was an American politician, serving as a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party from Tennessee.

Early years

Gore was born in Granville, Tennessee, the third of five children of Margie Bettie (Denny) and Allen Arnold Gore. Gore's ancestors include Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-18th century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War. Gore studied at Middle Tennessee State Teachers College and graduated from the Nashville Y.M.C.A. Night Law School, now the Nashville School of Law. He first sought elective public office at age 23, when he ran unsuccessfully for the job of superintendent of schools in Smith County, Tennessee. A year later he was appointed to the position after the man who had defeated him died.

Family

Gore and his wife Pauline LaFon Gore had two children: daughter Nancy LaFon Gore (born in 1938 and died of lung cancer in 1984) and son Albert Gore Jr. (born in 1948). Al Gore Jr. would follow in his father's political footsteps in the Democratic Party representing Tennessee as a U.S. Representative and Senator, and later serving as Vice President of the United States.

Congressional career

After serving as Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Labor from 1936 to 1937, Gore was elected as a Democrat to the 76th Congress in 1938, re-elected to the two succeeding Congresses, and served from January 3, 1939 until he resigned on December 4, 1944 to enter the U.S. Army.

Gore was re-elected to the 79th and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1945 to January 3, 1953). In 1951, Gore proposed in Congress that "something cataclysmic" be done by U.S. forces to end the Korean War: a radiation belt (created by nuclear weapons) dividing the Korean peninsula permanently into two.

Plaque honoring Al Gore Sr. at a rest area along Interstate 40 in Tennessee

Gore was not a candidate for House re-election but was elected in 1952 to the U.S. Senate. In his 1952 election, he defeated six-term incumbent Kenneth McKellar. Gore's victory, coupled with that of Frank G. Clement for governor of Tennessee over incumbent Gordon Browning on the same day, is widely regarded as a major turning point in Tennessee political history and as marking the end of statewide influence for E. H. Crump, the Memphis political boss. During this term, Gore was instrumental in sponsoring and enacting the legislation creating the Interstate Highway System. Gore was re-elected in 1958 and again in 1964, and served from January 3, 1953, to January 3, 1971, after he lost reelection in 1970. In the Senate, he was chairman of the Special Committee on Attempts to Influence Senators during the 84th Congress.

Gore was one of only four Democratic senators from the former Confederate states who did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing integration, the others being Ralph Yarborough and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas (who was not asked to sign), and Tennessee's other senator, Estes Kefauver. South Carolina Senator J. Strom Thurmond tried to get Gore to sign the Southern Manifesto, but Gore refused. Gore could not, however, be regarded as an integrationist, as he voted against some major civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 although he supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Gore easily won renomination in 1958 over former governor Jim Nance McCord. In those days, Democratic nomination was still tantamount to election in Tennessee since the Republican Party was largely nonexistent in most of the state. In 1964, he faced an energetic Republican challenge from Dan Kuykendall, chairman of the Shelby County (Memphis) GOP, who ran a surprisingly strong race against him. While Gore won, Kuykendall held him to only 53 percent of the vote, in spite of Johnson's massive landslide victory in that year's presidential election.

By 1970, Gore was considered to be fairly vulnerable for a three-term incumbent Senator, as a result of his liberal positions on many issues such as the Vietnam War and civil rights. This was especially risky, electorally, as at the time Tennessee was moving more and more toward the Republican Party. He faced a spirited primary challenge, predominantly from former Nashville news anchor Hudley Crockett, who used his broadcasting skills to considerable advantage and generally attempted to run to Gore's right. Gore fended off this primary challenge, but he was ultimately unseated in the 1970 general election by Republican Congressman Bill Brock. Gore was one of the key targets in the Nixon/Agnew "Southern strategy." He had earned Nixon's ire the year before when he criticized the administration's "do-nothing" policy toward inflation. In a memo to senior advisor Bryce Harlow, Nixon aide Alexander Butterfield relayed the President's desire that Gore be "blistered" for his comment. Spiro T. Agnew traveled to Tennessee in 1970 to mock Gore as the "Southern regional chairman of the Eastern Liberal Establishment". Other prominent issues in this race included Gore's opposition to the Vietnam War, his vote against Everett Dirksen's amendment on prayer in public schools, and his opposition to appointing Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the U.S. Supreme Court. Brock won the election by a 51% to 47% margin.

Political legacy

As a southern progressive, Gore believed in the power of government to address social issues, protect civil rights, and provide equal opportunities to minorities, but was not consistent during his thirty two years in Congress. In 1956, he gained national attention after his disapproval of the Southern Manifesto. However, Gore did not vote for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, though he supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Gore was a vocal champion of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, which secured creation of interstate highways. Later, he backed the Great Society array of programs proposed by President Johnson's administration, and introduced a bill with Medicare blueprint. In international politics, he moved from proposing in the House to employ nuclear weapons for establishing a radioactive demilitarized zone during the Korean War, to voting for the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and speaking against the Vietnam War, which cost him his Senate seat in 1970.

Later life

After leaving Congress, Gore resumed the practice of law and also taught law at Vanderbilt University. He continued to represent the Occidental Petroleum where he became vice president and member of the board of directors. Gore became chairman of Island Creek Coal Co., Lexington, Kentucky, an Occidental subsidiary, in 1972, and in his last years operated an antiques store in Carthage — Gore Antique Mall. He died three weeks shy of his 91st birthday and is buried in Smith County Memorial Gardens in Carthage. The stretch of Interstate 65 in Tennessee has been named The Albert Arnold Gore Sr. Memorial Highway in honor of him.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Bibliography

• Turque, Bill, Inventing Al Gore, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, ISBN 0-618-13160-4

External links

• Albert Gore Sr. at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Washington Post "Political Junkie" column: answers questions about Gore's civil rights record
• "Casting a Long Shadow", by David M. Shribman: Boston Globe article describing 1970 congressional races of Al Gore Sr., and George H. W. Bush.
• "Sons", by Nicholas Lemann: article on Albert A. Gore Jr., and George W. Bush, including some description of the former's relationship with his father.
• FBI files on Albert Gore Sr.
• The Life of Albert Gore Sr.
• Oral History Interviews with Albert Gore (Part 1, Part 2) from Oral Histories of the American South

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by John R. Mitchell	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district 1939–1953	Succeeded by Joe L. Evins
United States Senate
Preceded by Kenneth D. McKellar	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee 1953–1971 Served alongside: Estes Kefauver, Herbert S. Walters, Ross Bass, Howard Baker	Succeeded by William E. Brock III