Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel

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File:Peter Paul Rubens 005.jpg
Peter Paul Rubens, Alethea Talbot with attendants and Sir Dudley Carleton, c. 1620. Alte Pinakothek

Alethea Howard, 13th Baroness Furnivall, Countess of Arundel (1585 – 3 June [O.S. 24 May] 1654),[1] née Lady Alethea Talbot (pronounced "Al-ee-thia"[2]), was the wife of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel. She was the youngest daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and his wife Mary Cavendish; and the sister of two other countesses: Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke and Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent.

Life

Thomas Howard, a portrait by Rubens

Lady Alethea Talbot was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire in 1585. Her first name Alethea is the Greek noun αλήθεια (pronounced "al-ee-thia"), meaning "truth". In September, 1606, she married Thomas Howard, and they had four children; their first son died as a youth aged 17:

Along with her sister Elizabeth and cousin Arbella Stuart, she performed in The Masque of Queens, written to Royal order by Ben Jonson, with costumes by Inigo Jones. The masque was originally planned to celebrate Christmas 1608 but was eventually performed at court on 2 February 1609.[3]

Lady Arundel wished to join her husband abroad, but was dissuaded from doing so. Alethea and her husband accompanied the Elector Palatine Frederick V and his bride Princess Elizabeth Stuart as far as Heidelberg on their marriage in 1613.

Lady Arundel used her money to buy back Arundel House and she financed their trip to Italy in 1613-1614,[4] travelling with Inigo Jones. The Earl of Arundel was one of the first Englishmen to buy antique statues. She met him in Siena. Together they travelled to Rome, Naples, Padua, Genoa, Turin, and Paris. They reached England in November 1614. Alethea’s father died in 1616; she inherited a third of the estate and her husband's serious collecting started.

Around 1619 Lord Arundel sent his two elder sons to Padua. In 1620 Rubens painted Alethea Talbot, and her retinue, jester, dwarf and dog in Antwerp when she was on her way to Italy. (The male figure, called lord Arundel, was added many years later by an unknown hand.) He wished to visit his sons, but decided that Lady Arundel should go alone. Lady Arundel was accompanied by Francesco Vercellini. She stayed in Spa and engaged apartments. Lady Arundel moved to Milan and Padua.

In 1622 she lived in Venice in the Palazzo Mocenigo facing the Canal Grande, and also in a villa at Dolo. Antonio Priuli's election began a brutal process of ferreting out individuals suspected of plotting against Venice. Hundreds were arrested, with or without cause, with attention specially focused on foreign soldiers and sailors. The manhunt led to the arrest of many actual plotters, but also of many innocent victims, such as Antonio Foscarini, a patrician who was executed on 21 April 1621, after attending an event at the English Embassy.

The hysteria ended in 1622, and on 16 January 1623 the Venetian government issued an apology for Foscarini's execution, thus marking a scaling back of the manhunt. Sir Henry Wotton warned her to leave Venice. She declined the advice and went straight to Venice. Insisting on appearing next day, with Sir Henry Wotton, before the Doge and Senate she was completely justified. Lady Arundel left Venice with letters from the Doge ordering every favour to be shown to her on her journey through Venetian territory. She spent the winter in Turin together with her two sons. She met with Anthony van Dyck, the painter. Together they went to Mantua.

In 1623 she attempted to go to Spain to woo the Infanta, sister of Philip IV of Spain.[4] She started for England, intending to visit the Queen of Bohemia at the Hague on the way. In 1624 her eldest son Maltravers died of smallpox in Ghent. In 1626 her husband was put in the Tower of London by Charles because their elder son Maltravers had secretly married Elisabeth Stuart (daughter of Esme, duke of Lennox), a kinswoman of Charles, without permission. Joachim von Sandrart gave his opinion on the collection and copied the works by Holbein. The King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria visited Arundel House to see the collections. Birth of another grandson to Lord Arundel.

The king refused to allow Lady Arundel to accompany her husband on a special embassy to Holland, to invite the Winter Queen, his sister, to England.

In 1633 Lady Arundel purchased a small villa, known as Tart Hall, (located just south of Buckingham Palace).[5] Her second son, Lord Maltravers, was elected member of the Dublin Parliament of 1634. Arundel and his son paid a visit to Lord Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford in Dublin.

In 1636 Lady Arundel met her husband on the Thames, after his visit to the Holy Roman Emperor. She is involved in a Catholic intrigue. Lord Arundel acquired the cabinet of the Dutch merchant Daniel Nijs. Maria de' Medici comes to England.

In 1638 debts threatened ruin the estate, her husband started the Madagascar plan. Arundel House contained thirty seven statues, 128 busts and 250 inscriptions. Artemisia Gentileschi may have worked for Aletheia. A portrait by Van Dyck of Lord Arundel and his wife was made. Departure of the Queen-Mother, Maria de' Medici from England. Lord and Lady Arundel appointed to escort her to Cologne.

File:Wenceslas Hollar - Altheia, Countess of Arundel (State 1).jpg
Wenceslas Hollar - Altheia, Countess of Arundel

Staying in the Netherlands

In 1641, on the eve of the English Civil War, she and her husband, their son, Viscount Stafford, and his wife fled to the Netherlands. She commissioned an inventory of the contents of Tart Hall, her home on the margins of St James's, which included a chamber known as the Dutch Pranketing Room.[6] Lady Arundel was not prepared to wait for Marie de' Medici and with characteristic decisiveness set off for the Continent on her own, the reason being, so it was said, that she had a 'mania' for travel.[7] Alethea went straight to Utrecht and met there with her husband. When he accompanied Maria de' Medici to Cologne, Alethea tried to persuade Urban VIII to allow her to enter a Carthusian monastery.[8] In 1642 her husband accompanied the Queen and Princess Mary for her marriage to William II of Orange and left straight for Padua.

She lived in Antwerp, but moved to Alkmaar, after her husband died. She invited Franciscus Junius, for thirty years in their service, to rearrange the collection of books. Then she moved to Amersfoort (1649), and rented a pied-a-terre in Amsterdam at Singel 292, an elegant house, with a courtyard facing Herengracht.[9]

When the Earl of Arundel died, Alethea inherited the collection of 600 paintings and drawings including works by Dürer, Holbein, Brueghel,[10] Lucas van Leyden, Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyck, Raffaello da Urbino and Titian. There were 181 works with no attribution;[4] 200 statues and 5,000 drawings, which he had bought with her money. His debts (or the collection) were estimated £ 100.000.[11] She inherited Arundel Castle and Arundel House. Her eldest son argued three years in court against his father will.

In 1651, she succeeded to the title of Baroness Furnivall, a title of her father's that had been in abeyance since his death. In 1652 her favourite son William was arrested in the Kurpfalz,[12] Henry Frederick died. In 1653 William arrived in Amsterdam. On 3 June 1654 Alethea died in Amsterdam without leaving a will and a compiled and far from clear inventory was made.[13] The inventory consisted of 36 paintings by Titian, 16 by Giorgione, 19 by Tintoretto, 11 by Correggio, 17 by Veronese 12 by Rafaello and five by Da Vinci.

Two grandchildren claimed half of the inheritance [14] and sent Sir Edward Walker to the Netherlands. In 1655 Stafford was arrested in Utrecht, but released within a few weeks. Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk and his brother Charles were keen on getting the paintings and went in Utrecht to court in 1658 and 1661. Later on Henry inherited Arundel House, and Tart Hall (on Stafford Row) went to their uncle William.[15]

Like her sister, Elizabeth, Alethea was interested in the use of herbs and other foodstuffs for medical purposes. Her recipes were published under the title Natura Exenterata [16]

Ancestry

Alethea Talbot, Countess of Arundel's ancestors in three generations
Alethea Talbot, Countess of Arundel Father:
Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury		 Paternal Grandfather:
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Mary Dacre, Countess of Shrewsbury
Paternal Grandmother:
Gertrude Manners, Countess of Shrewsbury		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Eleanor Paston, Countess of Rutland
Mother:
Mary Cavendish, Countess of Shrewsbury		 Maternal Grandfather:
Sir William Cavendish of Chatsworth		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish Overhall
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Alice Smith of Padbrook Hall
Maternal Grandmother:
Bess of Hardwick		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
John Hardwick of Hardwick Hall
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Elizabeth Leake

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ From the Greek noun αλήθεια (pronounced "al-ee-thia"), meaning "truth"
  3. ↑ C. H. Herford et al., eds, Ben Jonson. Vol. 10 (Oxford, 1950) pp. 491-496
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Articulating British classicism: new approaches to eighteenth-century ... by Barbara Arciszewska,Elizabeth McKellar [1]
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ M.F.S. Hervey, The life, correspondence and collections of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, Cambridge 1921, p. 425.
  8. ↑ D. Howarth, Lord Arundel and his circle, p. 211.
  9. ↑ S.A.C. Dudok van Heel (1991) De graaf en graven van Arundel in ballingschap in de Nederlanden en in Italie. In: Maandblad Amstelodamum, p. 31-34.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Dudok van Heel, S.A.C. (1975) DE KUNSTVERZAMELINGEN VAN LENNEP MET DE ARUNDEL-TEKENINGEN, p. 143. In: Amstelodamum Yearbook 1975.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ F.H.C. Weijtens (1971) De Arundel-Collectie : commencement de la fin, Amersfoort 1655, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ http://www.georgianlondon.com/the-tart-hall-sale
  16. ↑ Seventeenth-century English recipe books: cooking, physic and chirurgery in ... by Elizabeth Spiller [2]

Sources

  • L. Cust, Notes on the collections formed by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, and Surry, K. G. In: The Burlington Magazine 1911/12, XX, pp. 97–100, 233-236 and 341-343.
  • M. F. S. Hervey, The life, correspondence and collections of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, Cambridge 1921, Appendix V, The Arundel inventory, p. 473-500.
  • D. Howarth, Lord Arundel and his circle, New Haven/London 1985.
  • Edward Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance (Routledge, 2000).

External links

Peerage of England
In abeyance
Title last held by
Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury		 Baroness Talbot
Baroness Furnivall
Baroness Strange of Blackmere
as sole heir
1651–1654		 Succeeded by
Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk
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