Fifth Harmony

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from Ally Brooke)
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Fifth Harmony
300x200px
Fifth Harmony as a four-piece performing on Good Morning America in 2017 (from left to right: Ally Brooke, Normani, Dinah Jane, and Lauren Jauregui)
Background information
Also known as
  • Lylas (2012)
  • 1432 (2012)
Origin Miami, Florida, U.S.[1]
Genres
Years active 2012–2018 (on indefinite hiatus)
Labels
Website fifthharmony.com
Members
Past members

Fifth Harmony, often shortened to 5H, are an American girl group based in Miami, composed of Ally Brooke, Normani, Dinah Jane, Lauren Jauregui, and previously Camila Cabello until her departure from the group in December 2016. The group signed a joint record deal with Simon Cowell's label Syco Records and L.A. Reid's label Epic Records after forming and finishing third in the second season of the American singing competition series The X Factor in 2012.

The group released their debut single "Miss Movin' On", preceding their extended play Better Together. Its music video won the group the MTV Video Music Award for Artist to Watch.[2] In 2015, The group released their debut studio album Reflection, which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[3] It spawned the singles "Boss", "Sledgehammer" and "Worth It"; with the latter single being certified 3x Platinum by RIAA, and reaching the top ten in thirteen countries. In 2016, the group released "Work from Home", the lead single from their second album 7/27, which became one of the best-selling singles by a girl group; the song peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100,[4] making it the first top five single by a girl group in a decade on that chart.[5] They released their self-titled third album in 2017. The group went on hiatus in March 2018, allowing the members to pursue solo projects.[6]

Fifth Harmony has sold over 15 million RIAA certified units.[7] As of 2016, they have earned 1.6 billion on-demand streams, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[8] Billboard named them the biggest girl group of the 2010s,[9] Furthermore In 2017, Time referred to them as arguably "the biggest girl group in the world" at the time.[10] All three of the group's studio albums, as well as their extended play charted within the top ten of the US Billboard 200, tying with Destiny's Child for the third most top ten's on the chart by a girl group.[11][12] Their accolades include an American Music Award, three MTV Europe Music Awards, three Guinness World Records, four MTV Video Music Awards, four iHeartRadio Music Awards, the first ever Billboard Women in Music Group of the Year award, a record setting five Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (the most for a group),[13] and ten Teen Choice Awards.

Career

2012: The X Factor

File:Fifth Harmony X Factor 2012.jpg
Fifth Harmony on set of The X Factor in December 2012

In 2012, Ally Brooke, Camila Cabello, Normani Kordei, Dinah Jane and Lauren Jauregui auditioned as solo contestants on the second season of the American televised singing competition The X Factor. The latter four failed to progress in the "Teens" category, with Brooke failing to enter the "Young Adults" category. However, they were later brought back and put together to form a five-piece girl group at The Fillmore, in Miami, Florida on July 27, thus qualifying for the "Groups" category. Judges Demi Lovato, L.A. Reid, Britney Spears and Simon Cowell helped form the group.[14] For their qualifying song at the "judges' houses", and their first song as a group, the girls sang an acoustic version of "Impossible" by Shontelle.[15] Afterwards, Marc Anthony called the performance "unbelievable" with Cowell sharing similar sentiments saying that they were "clearly one great group". Initially, the group's name was "Lylas" (an acronym for Love You Like a Sister), but another group called "The Lylas" (which consists of four of Bruno Mars' sisters) claimed that the show stole their name.[16] Thereafter, Lylas changed their name to 1432 (a colloquial term for I Love You Too), which was announced on the first live show on October 31, during which 1432 performed "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" by Taylor Swift. Cowell and Reid were critical of the new name, and Cowell suggested that the group be renamed again. During the first live results show on November 1, 1432 performed "Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato in a sing-off with three-piece girl group Sister C. Cowell decided to send 1432 through to the Top 12 and announced that they would be renamed via the viewers online. The name chosen by the public was announced: "Fifth Harmony".[17]

In the semi-finals stage of the show, the group performed Ellie Goulding's "Anything Could Happen" as well as "Impossible" for the second time during the competition. However, their performance of "Impossible" received mostly negative reviews from the judges because the group had previously performed the song at Cowell's home (although not on The X Factor concert stage). Three members of the group (Camila, Lauren, and Ally) sang parts of the song in fluent Spanish. The following night's public vote results advanced Fifth Harmony to the final three along with Tate Stevens and Carly Rose Sonenclar. On the Top three live show, Fifth Harmony performed "Anything Could Happen" for the second time as their "Song of the Series" song. Their second song was a duet with The X Factor judge Demi Lovato singing "Give Your Heart a Break". Their final song of the night (and their last on the show) was "Let It Be" by The Beatles, billed as their "$5 million song". After the first round of the finals, they did not receive enough votes from the public to advance to the Top two, and they finished in third place on December 20, 2012.

2013–2014: Better Together

File:Fifth Harmony at Hollywood & Highland Center (9529724872).jpg
Fifth Harmony performing on the Harmonize America Mall Tour in August 2013

Approximately one month following The X Factor season two finale, on January 17, 2013, Fifth Harmony was officially signed by their mentor Simon Cowell to his record label, Syco Music, in a joint deal with fellow judge L.A. Reid's label, Epic Records. Popdust awarded them the "Next Pop Superstar of 2013" recognition, an annual competition held for rising artists.[18][19] They began recording covers of songs which were uploaded on the video sharing platform, YouTube.[20][21] Three of their covers received public praise from the original artists, including Ed Sheeran, Ariana Grande and Mikky Ekko.[22][23][24] Fifth Harmony was also featured on Boyce Avenue's extended play, Cover Collaborations, Volume 2, singing covers of "Mirrors" by Justin Timberlake and "When I Was Your Man" by Bruno Mars.[25][26]

Their debut single "Miss Movin' On" was released on July 16, 2013, as the lead from their debut EP and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 76, formerly the highest-charting single from an X Factor contestant to appear on the chart.[27] Their debut extended play Better Together was released on October 22, selling 28,000 copies in its first week and peaking on the Billboard 200 at number six.[28][29] Spanish versions of the EP, Juntos and Juntos Acoustic were released on November 8,[30][31] peaking at number 2 and 12 respectively on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The song was certified Gold in the United States for selling 500,000 digital downloads and streams combined.[32] The extended play's promotional single, "Me & My Girls" charted on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart at 53.[33]

Throughout July and August 2013, Fifth Harmony performed at various shopping malls across the United States in a promotional tour titled "Harmonize America".[34][35] On August 5, 2013, the girl group celebrated their one-year anniversary by performing five shows in New York City. The pop-up concerts throughout the city included performances at the iHeartRadio Theater and Madison Square Park.[36] The group was one of the opening acts for Cher Lloyd during her I Wish Tour which started on September 6, 2013.[37][38] On September 11, 2013, the group announced their first concert hall tour titled "Fifth Harmony 2013", playing in concert halls in Canada and the United States.[39] Their opening act was indie pop band AJR.[40] On November 24, they performed "Better Together" on the red carpet at the 2013 American Music Awards.[41] They supported Demi Lovato's Neon Lights Tour as one of three opening acts playing 27 arenas across North America.[42][43]

2014–2015: Reflection and breakthrough

File:Fifth Harmony VEVO 2015.png
Fifth Harmony being interviewed by Vevo in 2015

On January 23, 2014, Fifth Harmony headlined the MTV Artists To Watch concert, an annual concert which showcases breakout artists that will be promoted by MTV during the year. The concert also featured performances by Tori Kelly, Rixton, Echosmith and Jake Miller.[44] In early 2014, Fifth Harmony confirmed reports that recording had begun for their full-length debut album with record producers Julian Bunetta, Daylight, Joe London and multi-instrumentalist songwriter Ricky Reed. The group stated the album is less pop, "more rhythmic" and has a more mature sound than Better Together.[45] Fifth Harmony's fourth headlining promo tour was revealed at the end of March 2014, titled Fifth Times a Charm Tour, with dates in Puerto Rico and the United States.[46]

The album's lead single, "Boss", was released on July 7, 2014, peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with first-week sales of 75,000, and received a platinum certification by the United States for selling a million digital downloads and streams combined.[47][32] The second single from Reflection, the Meghan Trainor-penned "Sledgehammer", was released on October 28, 2014 and went on to become the group's first top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100, and was also certified platinum in the United States.[32] On December 4, 2014, the group was invited to sing at the White House for the National Christmas Tree Lighting, where they performed a cover of Mariah Carey's hit Christmas song, "All I Want for Christmas Is You".[48] It was announced by Billboard that a representative from Epic Records had confirmed that the album release was moved from December 16, 2014 to January 27, 2015.[49]

Their debut studio album, Reflection was ultimately released on February 3, 2015.[50] After a full week of sales, the album entered the Billboard 200 at number five with 80,000 units (with 62,000 coming from traditional album sales) and was eventually certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 2016.[51][32] The third single from the album, "Worth It", featuring American rapper Kid Ink, was released on March 2, 2015, and became the group's most successful single at the time, peaking at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100,[52] earning the group a triple platinum certification.[32] The song charted in the top ten in thirteen countries and received certifications from twelve. The success of "Worth It" was largely impacted with televised performances on the season finale of Dancing with the Stars, and their debut late night appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live on June 18, 2015, alongside Kid Ink for the first time.[53] The album was supported by the group's first major headlining tour, the Reflection Tour, visiting 63 cities in North America and 6 cities in Europe[54] Fifth Harmony returned to the White House on April 6, 2015 to perform at the annually-held White House Easter Egg Roll, where they sang "Happy Birthday" as part of the Fifth anniversary of First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let's Move" initiative.[55]

Later that year, the group released "I'm in Love with a Monster" on September 25, 2015, a song for the film Hotel Transylvania 2 which was featured in the trailer and included in the movie as well.[56] On December 11, 2015, Fifth Harmony received the Group of the Year award at Billboard Women in Music 2015 ceremony, honoring the industry's most influential women.[57] Critically, Reflection landed in several mid-year and year-end lists, including Rolling Stone and Complex who ranked the album at 39 and 9 in the exclusively pop category, respectively.[58][59] Several critics noted the group's experimentation with grungy hip-hop and retro R&B that was previously not heard on their extended play.[60]

2015–2016: 7/27 and Cabello's departure

File:727tour fifth (cropped).jpg
Fifth Harmony performing on the 7/27 Tour in 2016

On September 23, 2015, the group announced they had started recording for their second studio album.[61] Band members Lauren Jauregui and Dinah Jane had co-written a few songs for the album along with the likes of Mitch Allan, Jason Evigan, Aaron Pearce, Tayla Parx, etc.[62] After a winter break, it was announced on February 25, 2016, that Fifth Harmony would be releasing their second studio album 7/27 on May 20, 2016.[63] The album is named after the day they were formed on The X Factor. It was later announced that the album's release had been pushed back a week to May 27 to keep with the album's theme of 27. The lead single, "Work from Home", which features American rapper Ty Dolla Sign was released on February 26, 2016, along with its music video.[63] The single peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the group's highest charting single in the United States, while reaching the top 10 in twenty-two other countries.[64] The single also became the first top-five for an all-female group in almost a decade, following The Pussycat Dolls' song, "Buttons" which peaked at number three.

7/27 was released on May 27, 2016, debuting at number four on the Billboard 200 with 74,000 album-equivalent units (49,000 in pure album sales), making it the group's highest charting album to date.[65] The album also marked the group's debut in Japan and South Korea, while also managing top ten peaks in fifteen other countries. The track "All in My Head (Flex)" was released on May 31, 2016, as the second single from the album. The song interpolates Mad Cobra's 1995 single "Flex" and was co-written by all five members. The album was supported with The 7/27 Tour which commenced on June 22, 2016 in Lima, Peru, visiting South America, North America and Europe with supporting artists Victoria Monét and JoJo. The group won two MTV Video Music Awards for "Work from Home" and "All in My Head (Flex)" and was named by Billboard the "hottest young stars" under 21 for 2016.[5] They performed their third single "That's My Girl" on the American Music Awards and won their first award from this show in the Collaboration of the Year category for "Work from Home". By November 2016, the album had sold 1.6 million equivalent units, that included sales, streaming and album tracks consumption.[66] The group's last performance of 2016 and as a quintet was on the previously-taped Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, during which they performed "Worth It", "Work from Home" and "That's My Girl". On December 18, 2016, the group announced that Cabello had left the group and that the remaining four members would continue as a four-piece.[67][68][69]

2017–2018: Fifth Harmony and indefinite hiatus

The group made their first appearance since Cabello's departure at the 43rd People's Choice Awards on January 17, 2017. There, they performed an edited version of "Work from Home", went on to win the award for Favorite Group for the second consecutive year.[70] On May 29, 2017, the group announced their new single, "Down", featuring guest vocals from rapper Gucci Mane. The song was released on June 2, 2017 and peaked at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100.[71] On July 24, 2017, during an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, the group announced that their third studio album would be titled Fifth Harmony. The album was released on August 25, 2017, and debuted at number four on the Billboard 200.[72] The girls performed on the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, where they started with the promotional single "Angel", before transitioning to "Down" featuring Mane. On August 9, they announced that they would embark on their third official concert tour in support of the album. The group released the second single from the album, titled "He Like That". The music video for the song was released on August 25, 2017, and as a single to radio on September 19, 2017.[73] The group performed their single from the album for Good Morning America and The Late Late Show with James Corden.[74][73][75]

Fifth Harmony took over TRL performing two songs "He Like That" and "Don't Say You Love Me".[76] The group recorded the song, "Can You See", for the biblical computer animated movie The Star.[77][78] They released a lyric video for the song on October 17, 2017. The soundtrack album for The Star was released on October 24, 2017. On October 26, they released "Por Favor", a duet with rapper Pitbull, as the third single from the Spotify re-release of the album and performed it at the 2017 Latin American Music Awards.[79] The group performed their song, "Can You See" for The Wonderful World of Disney: Magical Holiday Celebration on November 30, 2017.[80][81] They performed the song again for the Showtime at the Apollo Christmas special hosted by Steve Harvey on December 14, 2017.[82][83] The group began their PSA Tour on September 29 in Santiago, Chile, with Becky G serving as opening act in several Latin American countries, including Mexico and Argentina.[84] Lost Kings were also planned to support the group on their Australian tour dates before the dates were canceled.[85] The group performed their single "Por Favor" with Pitbull on the Showtime at the Apollo show hosted by Steve Harvey on March 1, 2018.[86]

On March 19, 2018, the group made their decision to take an indefinite hiatus to pursue solo projects.[87][88] Before their hiatus, the group completed a final run of shows, and released a music video for their song "Don't Say You Love Me".[89][90] As of September 2018, all members have released solo singles and confirmed debut albums.[91]

Musical style

Fifth Harmony is a pop[92][93][94][95] girl group. They have described their music as having a "retro feel" to it as well.[96] The group lists the Spice Girls, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston and Destiny's Child as their main influences.[96] Lana Del Rey, Adele, Janet Jackson, Celine Dion, Taylor Swift, Brandy, Jennifer Lopez, Patti LaBelle, Cher Lloyd, Carrie Underwood, Jessie J, Beyoncé, Alicia Keys, Christina Aguilera, Selena, Celia Cruz, Demi Lovato, Ed Sheeran and Leona Lewis have influenced individual members of the group.[1][97]

Philanthropy

Ally Brooke became a spokesperson for the mother and child health organization March of Dimes in November 2015, in honor of Prematurity Awareness Month and World Prematurity Day.[98] Camila Cabello also partnered with Save the Children to show her care for Syria's children.[99] Lauren Jauregui was involved in Do Something's campaign #LoseYourVCard to help and encourage new adults to vote and to help guide them in the process so the youth of the United States could be more involved in the outcome. Normani Kordei was named the Diversity Ambassador of Cybersmile foundation after being abused online on the basis of her race.

Endorsements and sponsorships

Sony Music Entertainment announced that they would be launching endorsement deals between Fifth Harmony and a number of companies, including two clothing lines with Wet Seal. The first clothing line with Wet Seal was launched in August 2014 in 200 stores across America, featuring a collection from each member based on their individual style.[100] During the summer of 2015, Fifth Harmony were named as the faces of the clothing brand Candie's.[101]

Member timeline

Discography

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Tours

Headlining
Supporting act

Filmography

Television

Year Name Role Notes
2012 The X Factor Contestants 22 episodes
2014 Faking It Boy Banned Episode: "The Ecstasy and the Agony"
2015 Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse Themselves (voices) Episode: "Sisters' Fun Day"
Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Live Themselves Concert film
2016 The Ride Themselves Episode: "Fifth Harmony"
2018 Lip Sync Battle Themselves Episode: "Fifth Harmony"
2018 Sugar Themselves Episode: "Fifth Harmony surprises a remarkable fan and her wheelchair dance group."[102]

Awards and nominations

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  36. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[permanent dead link]
  44. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. 73.0 73.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. 96.0 96.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Script error: The function "top" does not exist.

Script error: The function "bottom" does not exist.

Script error: The function "top" does not exist.

Script error: The function "bottom" does not exist.