Tamilakam

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Tamilakam
3rd century BC–4th century AD
Tamiḻakam in the Sangam Period
Capital Not specified
Government Not specified
History
 •  Established 3rd century BC
 •  Disestablished 4th century AD
Today part of  India

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Traditional accounts referred these territories as a single cultural area, where Tamil was the natural language [note 2] and culture of all people.[note 3] Archaeological data from protohistoric Kerala and Tamil Nadu "appears to challenge the notion of a separate culture region."[3]

During the Sangam period Tamil culture began to spread outside Tamiḻakam.[4]

Etymology

"Tamiḻakam" is a portmanteau of two words from the Tamil language, namely Tamiḻ and akam. It can be roughly translated as the 'homeland of the Tamils'. According to Kamil Zvelebil, the term seems to be the most ancient term used to designate Tamil territory in the Indian subcontinent.[5] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea referred it Damirica.[6]

Sources

Until recently, the interpretation and understanding of India's past has largely been based on textual sources.[3] According to Abraham,

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In the southern portion of the peninsula--the region that corresponds roughly to the present-day states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu--the existence of a large documentary corpus, both indigenous and foreign, and the occurrence of inscribed coins and cave inscriptions, have given rise to the idea of a separate ethnic and linguistic region known as "Tamiḻakam".[3]

The role of archaeology has often been secondary, as "a source of correlates for information gleaned from the texts",[3] but challenges existing notions of Tamiḻakam which are primarily based on textual sources.[3]

Territory and geographical boundaries

Classical era territory

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The second or first century BC[7] Tamil chronicle, the Tolkāppiyam, a work on the grammar of the Tamil language and the earliest extant work of Tamil literature, contains several references to centamil nilam, "land of refined Tamils").[5] According to the Tolkāppiyam, the limits of Tamiḻakam were between the hills of Venkatam in the north and Kanyakumari in the south.[citation needed][note 4] Tolkappiar, the writer of the Tolkāppiyam, does not mention a Tamil part of Sri Lanka.[38][note 5]

According to the Tolkāppiyam, during this period of ancient Tamil country, Malayalam had not been in existence as a separate language and naturally Tamil, was spoken from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea.[3][8][9][10][11][12]

Modern use

The word Tamilakam is today used as synonym for Tamil Nadu.

Tamiḻakam kingdoms

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Approximately during the period between 350 BC to 200 AD, Tamiḻakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties: the Chola dynasty, the Pandyan dynasty and the Chera dynasty. There were also a few independent chieftains, the Velirs. During the time of the Maurya Empire in North India (c. 4th century BC — 3rd century BC) the Cheras, the Pandyas and the Cholas were in a late megalithic phase on the western coast of Tamiḻakam. The earliest datable references to the Tamil kingdoms are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BC during the time of the Maurya Empire.

The Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of South India until the early 17th century. The heartland of the Pandyas was the fertile valley of the Vaigai River. They initially ruled their country from Korkai, a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. The Chola dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (3rd century BC) until the 13th century in central Tamil Nadu. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri. The Chera dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (3rd century) until the 12th century over an area corresponding to modern-day western Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

The Vēḷir (Tamil: வேளிர்) were minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamiḻakam in the early historic period of South India.[40][41]

Nadus of Tamiḻakam

Tamiḻakam was divided into political regions called Perunadu or "Country".[42]

Chera Nadu,[43][44][45] Chola Nadu, Pandya Nadu,.[42] There were two more political regions of Athiyaman ( Sathyaputha ) Nadu, Tamirabharani (Then Paandi) Nadu were existed later on absorbed into Chera and Pandya Nadu respectively by 3rd century BC. Tondai Nadu which was under Chola Nadu, later emerged as independent Pallava Nadu by 6th century ADE.

Again Tamilakam was divided into 12 socio-geographical regions called Nadu or "country". Each of this Nadu had their own dialect of Tamil.[46]

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Nadus outside Tamiḻakam

Some other Nadus were also mentioned in Tamil literatures which were not part of Tamilakam, but the countries were Tamils traded with in ancient times.

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Culture

Cultural unity

Thapar mentions the existence of a common language of the Dravidian group:

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Ashoka in his inscription refers to the peoples of South India as the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras - the crucible of the culture of Tamiḻakam - called thus from the predominant language of the Dravidian group at the time, Tamil.[1]

Yet, also according to Abraham,

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... the archaeological data from protohistoric Kerala and Tamil Nadu is not so clear-cut and, in fact, appears to challenge the very notion of a separate culture region.[3]

Cultural influence

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With the advent of the early historical period in South India[4] and the ascent of the three Tamil kingdoms in South India in the 3rd century BC,[4] Tamil culture began to spread outside Tamiḻakam. In the 3rd century BC, the first Tamil settlers arrived in Sri Lanka.[54] The Annaicoddai seal, dated to the 3rd century BC, contains a bilingual inscription in Tamil-Brahmi.[55][note 6] Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally-issued coins produced between the second century BC and the second century AD, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil letters,[56] which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.[57] Around 237 BC, "two adventurers from southern India"[58] established the first Tamil rule at Sri Lanka. In 145 BC Elara, a Chola general[58] or prince known as Ellāḷaṉ[59] took over the throne at Anuradhapura and ruled for forty-four years.[58] Dutugamunu, a Sinhalese, started a war against him, defeated him, and took over the throne.[58][60]

Tamiḻakam and Sri lanka

Various sources mention the Nagas, a group of Dravidian people who lived at Sri Lanka, and the existence of Naga Nadu. This may suggest the existence of early Dravidian settlements in the island.

Nagas code switched to Tamil

The Nagas may have been early Dravidian people migrated to Sri Lanka:

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... some scholars [...] suggest [...] that the Yakshas and Nagas [...] in the prehistorical period dating back to 1000 BCE".[61]

The Yakshas and the Nagas are depicted in the Pali epic Mahavamsa as the early inhabitants of the island when Vijaya arrived in the island in 500 B.C.[62][note 7] According to Manogaran, some scholars also "have postulated that the Yakshas and Nagas [...] are the aboriginal tribes of Sri Lanka".[61] Holt concludes that they were not Tamils, but a distinct group.[65][note 8]

Naga Nadu

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The 2nd century AD Tamil epic Manimekalai speaks of the prosperous Naganadu or "land of Nagas",[67] and of "the great Naga king Valai Vanan and his queen Vacamayilai, who ruled the prosperous Naga Nadu with great splendor."[web 1] According to the Manimekalai, this region had a rich Dravidian Buddhist tradition.[note 9]

See also

Notes

  1. "Sangam period" (Tamilசங்ககால பருவம், Cankakāla paruvam ?) is the period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamiḻakam) spanning from c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD. It is named after the famous Sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city of Madurai.
  2. Thapar mentions the existence of a common language of the Dravidian group: "Ashoka in his inscription refers to the peoples of South India as the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras - the crucible of the culture of Tamilakam - called thus from the predominant language of the Dravidian group at the time, Tamil."[1]
  3. See, for example, Kanakasabhai.[2]
  4. Various contemporary sources also refer to the Tolkāppiyam, and mention the hills of Venkatam and Cape Comorin in the south as the historical limits of Tamiḻakam. Other sources mention somewhat different limits, or use a different wording. [2] [3] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22][23] [24] [25] [26][27] [28] [29] [30] [31][32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
  5. According to A. Rajayyan, it is possible that the Tolkappiar and Sikiandiyar were "not aware of the Tamil part of the island of Lanka."[39]
  6. An archaeological team led by K.Indrapala of the University of Jaffna excavated a megalithic burial complex at Anaikoddai in Jaffna District, SriLanka. In one of the burials, a metal seal was found assigned by the excavators to c. the 3rd century BC.[55]
  7. Manogaran notes: "... there is general consensus among historians that Sinhalese settlements preceded Tamil settlements on the island by a few centuries."[63] Manogaran also notes: "... we can only speculate that the ancestors of the present-day Tamils were already in Sri Lanka when the Sinhalese began colonizing the island."[64]
  8. John Holt writes that "in the early Sri Lankan chronicles as well as in the early Tamil literary works the Nagas appear as a distinct group".[65] Holt also writes that "the adoption of the Tamil language was helping the Nagas in the Tamil chiefdoms to be assimilated into the major ethnic group there".[66]
  9. According to the Manimekalai, their daughter, the princess Pilli Valai, had a liaison at Nainativu islet with the early Chola king Killivalavan. The Manimekalai is the only source for this information; no other sources mention Killivalavan. Out of this union was born Prince Tondai Eelam Thiraiyar, a supposedly early progenitor of the Pallava Dynasty who were the rulers of Tondai Nadu until the 9th century AD.[38][web 1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Thapar 2004, p. 229.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Kanakasabhai 1997, p. 10.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Abraham 2003.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Singh 2009, p. 384.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Zvelebil 1992, p. xi.
  6. The Ganges in Myth and History, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 01.01.2001, p.93
  7. Zvelebil 1973.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Aiyaṅgār 1994, p. 6.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Smith 1999, p. 438.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Rajayyan 2005, p. 9.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Hanumanthan 1979.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Aiyangar 1986, p. 9.
  13. Ramaswamy 1997, p. 89.
  14. Ramaswamy 2007, p. xxxix.
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  38. 38.0 38.1 Indrapala 1969.
  39. Rajayyan 2005.
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  47. History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, Asian Educational Services 1929, p.151
  48. Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, K.V. Raman Abhinav Publications, 01.06.2003, p.17
  49. Census of India, 1961: India, India. Office of the Registrar General Manager of Publications.
  50. The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics, By John Holt, Duke University Press, 13 April 2011 see (Tamil Nadus in Rajarata p.85.)
  51. Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, By Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services 1911, p.121.
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  53. Seminar on Social and Cultural History of Salem District, Institute of Kongu Studies, 1982, p.7
  54. Wenzlhuemer 2008, p. 19-20.
  55. 55.0 55.1 Mahadevan 2002.
  56. Mahadevan, I. "Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka", pp. 152–154
  57. Bopearachchi, O. "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu", pp. 546–549
  58. 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Reddy 2003, p. 45.
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  60. Deegalle 2006, p. 30.
  61. 61.0 61.1 Manogaran 1987, p. 21.
  62. The Story of Vijaya and Kuveni
  63. Manogaran 1987, p. 21-22.
  64. Manogaran 1987, p. 22.
  65. 65.0 65.1 Holt 2011, p. 73.
  66. Holt 2011, p. 74.
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Sources

Printed sources

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Web-sources