Andrés Pico

Andrés Pico
File:Andres Pico c1850.jpg
California Adjutant General
In office ca 1861 – ca 1864
California State Assemblyman
In office 1851–1860
California State Senator
In office 1860–1876
Personal details
Born	(1810-11-18)November 18, 1810 San Diego, Alta California
Died	Los Angeles, California
Political party	Chivalry Democrat
Relations	Pío Pico
Profession	Rancher, soldier, politician
Religion	Roman Catholic
Awards	Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando Pico Canyon Oilfield named for him Rancho Pico Junior High School named after him
Military service
Allegiance	Alta California United States
Service/branch	24px Mexican Cavalry California Cavalry
Rank	General (Mexico - until 1847) Brigadier General (California State Militia - after 1858)
Commands	California Lancers
Battles/wars	Mexican-American War Battle of San Pascual

Andrés Pico (November 18, 1810 – February 14, 1876) was a Californio who became a successful rancher, fought in the contested Battle of San Pascual during the Mexican-American War, and secured full U.S. citizenship for Californians in the 1847 Treaty of Cahuenga. After California became one of the United States, Pico was elected to the state Assembly and Senate. He was appointed as the commanding brigadier general of the state militia during the U.S. Civil War.

Early life

Andrés Pico was born in San Diego in 1810 as a first-generation Californio. He was one of several sons of José María Pico and María Eustaquia López. An older brother was Pío Pico, who twice served as governor of Alta California. Their paternal grandmother, María Jacinta de la Bastida, was listed in the 1790 census as mulata, meaning mixed race with African ancestry. Their paternal grandfather, Santiago de la Cruz Pico, was described as a Mestizo (Native American-Spanish) in the same census. Santiago de la Cruz Pico was one of the soldiers who accompanied Juan Bautista de Anza on the expedition that left Tubac, Arizona for California in 1775 to explore the region and colonize it.

Ranchero

In 1845 under the law for secularization of former Church properties, his older brother Governor Pío Pico granted Andrés Pico and his associate Juan Manso a nine-year lease for the Mission San Fernando Rey de España lands, which encompassed nearly the entire San Fernando Valley. At that time a 35-year-old rancher, Andrés Pico lived in Pueblo de Los Angeles. He ran cattle on the ranch and used the mission complex as his hacienda. He gave Rómulo Pico Adobe to his son.

In 1846, to raise funds for the Mexican-American War, the Pío Pico government sold secularized mission lands. The Mission San Fernando was sold to Eulogio de Celis, who established Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. Celis returned to Spain, but his descendants stayed in California. Under the terms of secularization, the sale excluded the Mission compound and its immediate surroundings, which were reserved for Don Andrés.

In the Mexican-American War

During the Mexican-American War, Andrés Pico commanded the native forces, the California Lancers, in Alta California. In 1846 Pico led an attack on forces commanded by U.S. General Stephen Watts Kearny at the Battle of San Pasqual, where Kearny conceded defeat to California. In 1847, Andrés Pico was appointed as the acting Governor of Alta California, serving for his term in the civilian government while the U.S. military protectorate was being established since 1846.

On January 13, 1847, fresh from his defeating Kearny at the Battle of San Pasqual, Andrés Pico approached the U.S. commander Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Frémont, man to man and alone. Without firing a shot, Don Andrés frightened Frémont into signing the Capitulation of Cahuenga. This formal agreement granted full U.S. citizenship to all Californians, instantly ending all hostilities in California. Frémont agreed to stop burning Californian ranches, stop stealing horses and cattle, and to obey the positive laws of the country. When Kearny, in Los Angeles, heard of the Capitulation, he acquiesced. Peace reigned.

Andrés' brother Pío Pico was the last Mexican governor of the state. General Andrés Pico was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1848, which formally federated all the sovereign and free state of Alta California with the United States.

Pico and his band of cavalry left Cahuenga victorious with all their weapons, horses, and cannon, and with the spoils of war won from Kearny at San Pasqual. Kearny and his remaining command were allowed to leave and continue fighting the war against Mexico. The Californians had maintained their freedom and became United States citizens, too, with all associated rights.

Post-statehood activity

Four years before California became an American state in 1850, Andrés Pico and other residents became United States citizens with full legal and voting rights. In 1853, Don Andrés acquired a half interest in Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando from Eulogio de Celis; it was split along present-day Roscoe Boulevard, with his brother Pio Pico's land being the southern half of the San Fernando Valley to the Santa Monica Mountains.

After statehood, in 1851 Don Andrés was elected to the California State Assembly from Los Angeles. In the wake of the Yankee insurrection in San Francisco, Don Andrés authored what was known as the Pico Bill in February 1859, to let southern California secede from the north. The bill proposed to create the "Territory of Colorado" from the southern counties of the state. The bill passed both houses of the state legislature and was signed by the Governor John B. Weller on April 18, 1859. But, the secession was never implemented because the U.S. Congress would not vote on the bill in the wake of the outbreak of the Civil War.

In 1858 Pico was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the California Militia. In 1860 he was elected by the state legislature as a California State Senator from Los Angeles. Andrés Pico's Rancho ex-Mission San Fernando was confiscated by federal decree in 1864, which said that he "did not own and never did own" it. reduced to a pauper, he retired as a Californio ranchero in Los Angeles. Ex-Mission San Fernando fell into ruins until the mid-20th century, when the Roman Catholic Church conserved about one fourth of the old mission quadrangle.

Since Don Andrés' death, the bulk of the old mission has never been restored. The site of the main mission buildings are now occupied by a parochial high school, including the old, monumental front facing east toward the former Fort Tejon Road. The sites of the Butterfield stagecoach stables, and the outbuildings and storage buildings of Don Andrés' ranch and hacienda, have been lost under development of the modern urban community of Mission Hills.

Pico never married, but adopted several children. Don Andrés Pico died in Los Angeles in 1876.

Legacy

• His son's home, the Andrés Pico Adobe, is the oldest residence in the San Fernando Valley. Having deteriorated when empty, it was restored by new owners in the early 1930s, who also extended it with an addition. Now operated as a house museum, it holds the archives of the San Fernando Valley Historical Society. Identified as a significant property in the 1935 Historic American Buildings Survey, Andrés Pico Adobe is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.
• Pico Boulevard, running from Santa Monica to downtown Los Angeles, is named for Pío Pico, the former governor, but also honors the entire Pico family.

Representation in other media

• The actor Gerald Mohr played Andrés Pico, with Will Kuluva as his brother, Pío, in the 1966 episode "The Firebrand" of the syndicated western television series, Death Valley Days. Robert Anderson (1920-1996) was cast as General Philip Kearny, with Gregg Barton as Commodore Robert F. Stockton. The episode is set in 1848 with the establishment of California Territory and the tensions between the outgoing Mexican government and the incoming American governor.