Anna Lindh

Anna Lindh
File:Anna Lindh 2003.jpg Anna Lindh (2002)
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office 7 October 1998 – 11 September 2003
Preceded by	Lena Hjelm-Wallén
Succeeded by	Laila Freivalds
Constituency	Södermanland county
Personal details
Born	Ylva Anna Maria Lindh (1957-06-19)19 June 1957 Enskede, Sweden
Died	Stockholm, Sweden
Political party	Social Democratic Party
Spouse(s)	Bo Holmberg (married 1991–2003)
Children	Filip, David

Ylva Anna Maria Lindh (19 June 1957 – 11 September 2003), was a Swedish Social Democratic politician, chairman of the Social Democratic Youth League from 1984 to 1990 and a member of parliament from 1982 to 1985 and 1998 to 2003. Joining the government as minister of environment in 1994, she was elevated to minister for foreign affairs by prime minister Göran Persson in 1998 and considered his successor as party chairman and prime minister (neither of which posts had ever been held by a woman) before her assassination in September 2003. Lindh was married to Bo Holmberg, governor of Södermanland (her home constituency for over 20 years), with whom she had two sons.

Political career

Lindh was born to Staffan and Nancy Lindh in Enskede, a suburb southeast of Stockholm, and grew up in Grillby (outside Enköping). She became involved in politics at age 12, when she joined the local branch of the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League; one of her priorities was protesting against the Vietnam war.

Lindh studied at Uppsala University, graduating as a Candidate of Law (jur. kand.) in 1982 (the year she was elected a member of parliament). In 1984, she became the first female president of the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League. Her six years as president were marked by a commitment to international affairs (including Nicaragua, Vietnam, South Africa and Palestine) and against the arms race which characterized the Cold War.

Lindh served in parliament from 1982 until 1985, and again from 1998 until her death in 2003. From 1991 to 1994, she was Commissioner of Culture and Environment and the deputy mayor of Stockholm. In 1994, after a Social Democratic victory, prime minister Ingvar Carlsson appointed her minister for the environment. One of Lindh's legacies was her pioneering work towards European Union legislation on hazardous chemical substances. She also called for the establishment of a common EU strategy against acid rain.

Lindh in 1995

After the 1998 general election, Göran Persson appointed Lindh to succeed Lena Hjelm-Wallén as minister for foreign affairs in the new government. Having made influential friends around the world as president of the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League, Lindh ardently supported international cooperation through the United Nations and in the European Union.

A high point in her career occurred during the Swedish presidency of the European Union during the first half of 2001. Lindh served as chairman of the Council of the European Union, responsible for representing the official foreign-policy position of the European Union. Travelling with EU foreign and security policy spokesman Javier Solana in Macedonia during the Kosovo-Macedonian crisis, she negotiated an agreement which averted a civil war in the country.

With Serbian prime minister Zoran Đinđić in Stockholm. Lindh was due to meet Đinđić in Belgrade in March 2003, moments before his assassination. Six months later, she was stabbed to death by a Serbian assassin.

Another talking point in her career was the violent Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery from Sweden to Egypt, an operation carried out by the US military. According to then prime minister Göran Persson, the US administration would put a trade embargo EU if Sweden did not let the Americans pick up Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery on Swedish soil. Lindh had to choose between standing up for human rights or trade relations with the US. She choose the latter, and would later receive extensive criticism for her actions. On May 24, 2004, when The Committee against Torture under the United Nations' Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, found that the Government of Sweden had violated its obligations under the Convention against Torture in the forced repatriation of Mr. Agiza, Lindh had already been murdered.

Lindh criticised the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying that "a war being fought without support in the statutes of the United Nations is a major failure" but praising the fall of Saddam Hussein. She advocated greater respect for international law and human rights in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, criticising Ariel Sharon's Israeli government but also condemning Palestinian suicide bombings as "atrocities". In a speech on 30 January 2003, Lindh called on Israel to "end the occupation, give up settlements, and agree on a pragmatic solution to Jerusalem" and on the Palestinians to "do everything in their power to stop the terrorist acts, and take legal measures against those responsible" and to "produce reform for security, but also for democracy and human rights".

During the final weeks of her life she was involved in the pro-euro campaign preceding the Swedish referendum on the euro, held on 14 September 2003 (three days after her death). As a popular pro-euro politician, she was a spokesperson for the campaign; her face was on billboards across Sweden the day she was murdered.

Murder

Lindh died in the early morning of 11 September 2003 after a knife attack in Stockholm on the afternoon of 10 September. Just after 4 pm, she was attacked while shopping in the ladies' section of the Nordiska Kompaniet department store in central Stockholm. Lindh was shopping for new clothes for a televised debate later that night on the referendum about Sweden's adoption of the euro (which she supported). She was stabbed in the chest, abdomen and arms. At the time of the attack, Lindh was not protected by bodyguards from the Swedish Security Service; this proved controversial, given the similarity between Lindh's murder and that of prime minister Olof Palme in 1986 (the first murder of a government member in modern Swedish history).

She was rushed to Karolinska Hospital, where she underwent surgery and blood transfusions for over nine hours. Lindh reportedly experienced severe internal bleeding and liver damage; her condition remained grave, although she appeared to have improved immediately after the surgery. An hour later, however, complications necessitated additional surgery; at 5:29 am, she was pronounced dead. After a private briefing of her relatives and the government (and contradicting news coverage that she was alive in "grave" but "stable" condition), the announcement of her death made headlines across Europe.

Criminal investigation

The murderer escaped after the crime; according to eyewitness accounts, his actions appeared deliberate and systematic. A phone number was set up for anyone who might know anything about the crime, and a massive manhunt (centred on Stockholm) was launched in Sweden. After two days a photo of a man believed to be the murderer, taken by a camera on a floor above the murder scene, was released by police. Several items (pieces of clothing and a knife) believed to be connected with the murder were found outside the department store near a Stockholm metro station. At the crime scene, police obtained a handprint believed to be the killer's. Images of the suspect from the store's surveillance system were published on 13 and 14 September.

A man was apprehended on 16 September and detained as a suspect on "justifiable grounds" (the lowest level of suspicion), but was cleared of all charges and released. On 24 September the police announced that a suspect, Mijailo Mijailović (born in Sweden to Serb parents), had been apprehended and arrested at a higher level of suspicion: "probable cause". On 25 September it was announced that Mijailović's DNA profile matched that of hairs on a baseball cap left at (or near) the scene of the crime, and he resembled the man filmed in the store where Lindh was attacked.

After denying all involvement Mijailović confessed to the crime on 6 January 2004, providing a full account of the events of 10 September in an extra session of police questioning requested by Peter Althin (Mijailović's counsel). He was found guilty in a trial held from 14–17 January, and after a psychiatric evaluation was sentenced to life imprisonment on 23 March. On 8 July an appeals court overturned Mijailović's sentence (after tests concluded he was mentally ill at the time of the murder), and Mijailović was transferred to a secure psychiatric ward. Prosecutors appealed to the Supreme Court of Sweden, which reinstated his sentence to life imprisonment on 2 December of that year. Mijailović renounced his Swedish citizenship, and has unsuccessfully requested to be transferred to Serbia.

Despite Lindh's popularity and the timing of the assassination, the murder was not considered a political act (although a newspaper found a picture of Mijailović listening to Liberal People's Party leader Lars Leijonborg in clothing similar to what he wore during the murder). Mijailović admitted that he found the speech "entertaining", but denied allegations that it influenced his actions.

Reaction and legacy

File:Anna Lindh memorial.jpg

Anna Lindh memorial in Stockholm, marking the spot where she delivered her final speech

Lindh was an outspoken campaigner for Sweden to join the Eurozone in the referendum held on 14 September 2003. After the attack, all euro-campaign events were immediately cancelled. Television campaign advertisements were withdrawn, and all TV stations in Sweden halted commercials from the evening on the 10th through the 11th to help the public-service channels of SVT report news. TV3 merged its programming with ZTV and TV8, airing Efterlyst (a program similar to America's Most Wanted) for people to send information directly to the police to help find the murderer. All campaign advertising on billboards was removed and advertising in printed media cancelled. The murder was seen as an attack on Sweden's open society, requiring unity rather than political campaigning.

Following a midday meeting on 12 September by prime minister Göran Persson and the leaders of the other political parties in the Riksdag, the decision was made not to let Lindh's murder affect the referendum. Information and resources on the referendum's issues would be fully available, but no political campaigning or debate would take place. Party leaders unanimously pledged support for the ballot as planned, and to abide by its result. Despite speculation that sympathy for Lindh could influence the voting, the euro was rejected in the referendum. Following her death, junior foreign-affairs minister Jan O. Karlsson was appointed acting minister for foreign affairs. In October of that year, Laila Freivalds was appointed the successor to Lindh's cabinet post.

A number of commemorative gatherings were held for Lindh throughout Sweden and abroad (through the Church of Sweden Abroad) on 12–13 September. One gathering, in the centre of Stockholm, attracted tens of thousands of mourners. A more formal commemoration was held at Stockholm City Hall on 19 September, at which King Carl XVI Gustaf, prime minister Göran Persson, Chris Patten, Margot Wallström, European commissioners and the Swedish-speaking Greek foreign minister George Papandreou spoke. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell was unable to attend due to travel difficulties, but sent condolences. Lindh was buried privately on 20 September from the Church of Ersta in Stockholm; her grave is in the cemetery of nearby Katarina Church. Thousands of roses and candles were placed at Rosenbad (the government building) and outside the store where she was murdered. Abroad, hundreds of thousands of flowers and candles were left at Swedish embassies and consulates by mourners.

In April 2004 Lindh posthumously received the "Statesman of the Year Award" from the EastWest Institute, a trans-Atlantic think tank which organizes an annual security conference in Brussels. Room 50.4 on the fifth floor of the Justus Lipsius European Council building in Brussels was named the Anna Lindh Room in her honour, and committee room 1A 002 in the Paul Henri Spaak building of the European Parliament in Brussels was also named the Anna Lindh Room in her memory.

The Anna Lindh Professorship of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, was established in her honour. Human-rights advocate Samantha Power was the inaugural appointee in 2006. The library at the Swedish National Defence College (Försvarshögskolan) is known as the Anna Lindh Library in her memory. On 11 September 2013, the tenth anniversary of Lindh's death was commemorated in Sweden.

See also

• Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation for the Dialogue Between Cultures
• Government of Sweden
• Referendums in Sweden
• Anna Lindh Memorial Fund

External links

• Website of the Anna Lindh Foundation

Government offices
Preceded by Görel Thurdin	Swedish Minister for the Environment 1994–1998	Succeeded by Kjell Larsson
Preceded by Lena Hjelm-Wallén	Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs 1998–2003	Succeeded by Laila Freivalds