Anthony D. Smith

For other people named Anthony Smith, see Anthony Smith (disambiguation).

Anthony D. Smith
Born	Anthony David Stephen Smith (1939-09-23)September 23, 1939 London, England
Died	London, England
Education	Oxford University (BA) London School of Economics (MSc DPhil)
Occupation	Ethnographer Sociologist
Employer	London School of Economics
Title	Professor Emeritus

Anthony David Stephen Smith (23 September 1939 – 19 July 2016) was a British historical sociologist who, at the time of his death, was Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicity at the London School of Economics. He is considered one of the founders of the interdisciplinary field of nationalism studies.

Smith took his first degree in Classics and Philosophy at Oxford University and his master's degree and doctorate in Sociology at the London School of Economics.

Work

Smith's best-known contributions to the field are the distinction between 'civic' and 'ethnic' types of nations and nationalism, and the idea that all nations have dominant 'ethnic cores'. While Smith agreed with other authors that nationalism is a modern phenomenon, he insisted that nations have premodern origins.

He was a student of the philosopher and anthropologist Ernest Gellner, but he did not share his view of nationalism in the long run. He created an approach of nationalism he called ethnosymbolism, which is a synthesis of modernist and traditional views on the subject.

Nationalism

Smith argued that nationalism draws on the pre-existing history of the "group", an attempt to fashion this history into a sense of common identity and shared history. That is not to say that this history should be academically valid or cogent, but Smith asserted that many nationalisms are based on historically flawed interpretations of past events and tend to mythologise small, inaccurate parts of their history. Moreover, Smith reasoned that nationalistic interpretations of the past are frequently fabricated to justify modern political and ethnic positions.

Nationalism, according to Smith, does not require that members of a "nation" should all be alike but only that they should feel an intense bond of solidarity to the nation and other members of their nation. A sense of nationalism can inhabit and be produced from whatever dominant ideology exists in a given locale. Nationalism builds on pre-existing kinship, religious and belief systems. Smith described the ethnic groups that form the background of modern nations as "ethnie".

Nations and nation-states

When speaking of nation-states Smith noted, "We may term a state a ‘nation-state’ only if and when a single ethnic and cultural population inhabits the boundaries of a state, and the boundaries of that state are coextensive with the boundaries of that ethnic and cultural population".

Smith defined nationalism as "an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy, unity and identity on behalf of a population deemed by some of its members to constitute an actual or potential 'nation'".

A nation, meanwhile, is "a named population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for its members". Ethnies are, in turn, defined as "named units of population with common ancestry myths and historical memories, elements of shared culture, some link with a historic territory and some measure of solidarity, at least among their elites". The boundaries of an ethnie can be quite recognisable even when not all of its characteristics appear at the same time. It is, in other words, not a question of a smallest common denominator.

Smith stated that even when nations are the product of modernity, it is possible to find ethnic elements that survive in modern nations. Ethnic groups are different from nations. Nations are the result of a triple revolution that begins with the development of capitalism and leads to a bureaucratic and cultural centralisation along with a loss of power by the Church. Smith, however, maintained that there are also many cases of ancient nations and so cannot be considered a modernist. He is often regarded as the 'founding father' of ethno-symbolism. Smith's ethno-symbolist approach has been critically examined by several modernist scholars including Ozkirimli (2010) and Malesevic (2006, 2004).

Selected publications

Year	Title	ISBN
1971	Theories of Nationalism	0-7156-0555-0 (1st ed.) 0-7156-0584-4 (2nd ed., 1983)
1983	State and Nation in the Third World	978-0-7108-0199-9
1986	The Ethnic Origins of Nations	0-631-15205-9
1991	National Identity	0-14-012565-5
1995	Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era	0-7456-1018-8
1998	Nationalism and Modernism	0-415-06340-X
1999	Myths and Memories of the Nation	978-0-19-829684-3
2000	The Nation in History	0-7456-2580-0
2003	Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity	0-19-210017-3
2004	The Antiquity of Nations	0-7456-2745-5
2008	Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant and Republic	1-4051-7798-5
2009	Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach	978-0-415-49798-5

References

Umut Ozkirimli 2010. Theories of Nationalism. New York: Palgrave.

Sinisa Malesevic 2006. Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. New York: Palgrave.

Sinisa Malesevic 2004. ‘Divine Ethnies’ and ‘Sacred Nations’: Anthony D. Smith and the Neo-Durkhemian Theory of Nationalism. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 10 (4): 561-593.