Black coral
| Black coral | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Black coral colony | |
Scientific classification  |
|
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Anthozoa |
| Subclass: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Antipatharia Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1857 |
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Black corals (Antipatharia) are a group of deep water, tree-like corals related to sea anemones. They are also found in rare dark shallow water areas such as New Zealand's Milford Sound where they can be viewed from an underwater observatory or via SCUBA diving. They normally occur in the tropics. There are about 230 known species of Antipatharians in 42 genera.[1]
Though black coral's living tissue is brilliantly colored, it takes its name from the distinctive black or dark brown color of its skeleton. Also unique to black coral are the tiny spines that cover the surface of the skeleton, the origin of the nickname little thorn coral. In the Hawaiian language, black coral is called ‘ēkaha kū moana and is the official state gem of Hawaii. Black coral is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
Families
Family Antipathidae
- Allopathes
- Antipathes Pallas, 1766
- Arachnopathes
- Cirrhipathes de Blainville, 1830
- Hillopathes
- Pteropathes
- Schizopathes
- Stichopathes
- Tylopathes
Family Aphanipathidae
- Acanthopathes
- Aphanipathes Brook, 1889
- Asteriopathes
- Distichopathes
- Elatopathes
- Phanopathes
- Pteridopathes
- Rhipidopathes
- Tetrapathes
Family Cladopathidae
- Chrysopathes Opresko, 2003
- Cladopathes Brook, 1889
- Heliopathes Opresko, 2003
- Hexapathes Kinoshita, 1910
- Sibopathes van Pesch, 1914
- Trissopathes Opresko, 2003
Family Leiopathidae
- Leiopathes Haime, 1849
Family Myriopathidae
- Antipathella
- Apanipathes
- Aphanipates
- Cupressopathes
- Hydradendrium
- Myriopathes
- Plumapathes
- Tanacetipathes
Family Schizopathidae
- Abyssopathes
- Bathypathes Brook, 1889
- Dendrobathypathes
- Dendropathes
- Lillipathes
- Parantipathes Brook, 1889
- Saropathes
- Stauropathes
- Taxipathes
- Umbellapathes
Family Stylopathidae
Lifespan
In March 2009, scientists released the results of their research on deep-sea (depths of ~300 to 3,000 m) corals throughout the world. They discovered specimens of Leiopathes to be among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old. They show that the "radial growth rates are as low as 4 to 35 micrometers per year and that individual colony longevities are on the order of thousands of years".[2][3]
Ecology
Whip coral (Cirrhipathes species) host as many as six other species. Whip coral gobies and barnacles permanently inhabit the skeleton. The goby and shrimp quickly hide on the opposite side skeleton's when a threat approaches. The goby and damselfish lay their eggs on the skeleton. The damselfish bites off the polyps to expose the nesting site.[4]
References
- ↑ Tazioli, S., Bo, M., Boyer, M., Rotinsulu, H. & Bavestrello, G., 2007. Ecology of some common antipatharians from the Marine Park of Bunaken (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoological Studies, 46, 227–241
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External links
- http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22549
- Antipathidae entry at Animal Diversity Web
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