Artillery wheel
The artillery wheel was developed for use on gun carriages when it was found that the lateral forces involved in horse artillery manoeuvres caused normally constructed cart wheels to collapse. Rather than having its spokes mortised into a wooden nave (hub), it has them fitted together (mitred) then bolted into a metal nave. Its tyre is shrunk onto the rim in the usual way but it is also bolted on for security. A normal wagon wheel is dished so that in its lowest part, the spokes are perpendicular to the ground thus supporting the weight (with the axle not truly horizontal but angled downward toward the outside about 5 degrees). This is not done with artillery wheels.
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Motor vehicles
When higher speeds and consequently higher lateral forces were attained with the introduction of motor vehicles, the artillery wheel was used in those too. By the 1920s, motor cars used wheels that looked at a glance like artillery wheels but which were of forged steel or welded from steel pressed sections. These too were usually called artillery wheels.
Joseph Sankey's pressed steel artillery wheels
After training as an engineer, Joseph Sankey founded a major tea tray producer. A pioneer motorist, Sankey became personal friends with Herbert Austin, becoming a supplier of sheet steel components to the industry as a result.[1] By 1914, Joseph Sankey and Sons Ltd. supplied sheet steel bodies to Austin, Daimler, Humber, Rover, Star and Argyll.[1]
As a result of complaints from motor manufacturers about the wooden wheels on these early cars disintegrating upon touching any roadside kerb,[1] Sankey used his experience from tea trays to develop an alternate pressed-steel wheel.[1] Production started in 1908, with customers including Herbert Austin and, later, William Morris.[1] In addition to his original factory at Bilston a new plant was established near Wellington, Shropshire, which was devoted to wheel production.[1]
In 1920, GKN purchased steel company John Lysaght and their subsidiary, Joseph Sankey and Sons Ltd.[1] By that time the plant was supplying wheels to many UK manufacturers.[1]
Wire wheels
By the late 1920s the inadequacies of artillery wheels had brought about their sweeping replacement by the more expensive wire wheels.
References
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