Artocarpus

Artocarpus
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Artocarpeae
Genus:	Artocarpus J.R.Forster & G.Forster
Species
See text

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The fauna type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard the HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage. It is maintained as a conserved name.

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), cempedak (Artocarpus integer), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), kwai muk (Artocarpus hypargyreus), lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), pudau (Artocarpus kemando), anjily (Artocarpus hirsutus), chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

• Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate.
• Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a third subgenus of Artocarpus.

Marang (A. odoratissimus) is in the Artocarpus subgenus.

Selected species

File:Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis.jpg

Bark of Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis

• A. altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg - Breadfruit, Seeded Breadfruit, Antipolo, Camansi, Anubing
• A. anisophyllus Miq. - Entawak 
• A. blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 
• A. camansi Blanco 
• A. chama Buch.-Ham. - Chaplaish
• A. dadah Miq.
• A. elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap 
• A. gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul
• A. heterophyllus Lam. - Nangka, Jackfruit
• A. hirsutus Lam. - Angily, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini 
• A. hypargyreus Hance ex Benth. - Kwai Muk 
• A. integer (Thunb.) Merr. - Cempedak
• A. kemando Miq. - Pudau 
• A. lacucha Buch.-Ham. - Lakoocha, monkey fruit
• A. lignanensis Merr. 
• A. mariannensis Trécul 
• A. nitidus Trécul - Butong 
• A. nobilis Thwaites 
• A. odoratissimus Blanco - Marang 
• A. ovatus Blanco
• A. rigidus Blume - Monkey Jackruit 
• A. rubrovenia Warb. 
• A. sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett - Pingan 
• A. scortechinii King - Two Winged Artocarpus 
• A. sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett - Pedalai 
• A. tamaran Becc. - Elephant jack 
• A. tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep. 
• A. treculianus Elmer - African breadfruit

References

• Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.