Australian diaspora

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Australian diaspora
Flag of Australia.svg
Regions with significant populations
Australian diaspora 1,000,000[1]
 European Union
(United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland, France, Portugal, Spain, Poland)		 500,000[2]
 United Kingdom 113,000 (2013)[3]–400,000 (2007)[4]
 United States 200,000[5]
 Greece 100,000 (Greek Australians)[6][7]
 Hong Kong 90,000 (mostly Chinese Australians)[8][9]
 New Zealand 70,000[10]
 Canada 35,000[11]
 Italy 30,000 (20,000 Italian Australians)[11][12]
 Lebanon 20,000–25,000 (Lebanese Australians)[13][14]
 Vietnam 22,000[15]
 Singapore 20,000[16][17]
 Thailand 20,000[18]
 United Arab Emirates 16,000[19]
 China 15,000[20]
 Germany 15,000[11]
 Netherlands 15,000[21]
 Papua New Guinea 15,000[22]
 Turkey 12,000[11]
 Indonesia 12,000[11]
 Japan 11,000[23]
 Ireland 10,000[24]
 South Africa 8,000[11]
 Israel 7,000[11]
 South Korea 7,000[25]
 Taiwan 7,000[26]
 Philippines 6,000[11]
 France 5,500[27]
 Saudi Arabia 5,000[28]
  Switzerland 5,000[29]
 Qatar 4,500[30]
 Cambodia 3,000–5,000[31]

The term Australian diaspora refers to the approximately 1,000,000 Australian citizens (approximately 5% of the population) who today live outside Australia.[32] The majority of Australian expats, 48 per cent, are based in Europe, and 24 per cent of Australians are currently in Asia.[33] The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement enables Australians and New Zealanders to migrate between Australia and New Zealand.

The term may also be used to refer to the population of Indigenous Australians who have been displaced within Australia - from their traditional homelands by colonisation - or from their families by child removal policies.[34][35][36][37][38][39]

History of Australians abroad

A survey in 2002 of Australians who were emigrating found that most were leaving for employment reasons.[40]

For the period 1999-2003 it was estimated that there were 346,000 Australian-born people living in other OECD countries: of these 96,900 lived in the United Kingdom, 65,200 lived in the United States and 42,000 lived in New Zealand.[40]

Origin of the term

The term Australian diaspora was used in reference to Australian citizens living abroad in a 2003 Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) research report, "Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications".[41] This report both identified the phenomenon and argued for an Australian government policy of maintaining active contact with the diaspora. The term has been picked up by others.[42]

In 2005 Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee (a standing committee) reported into the issue of Expatriate Australians and made recommendations that the "Australian Government needs to make greater efforts to connect with and engage our expatriate community".[43]

"Brain drain"

The diaspora has been the focus of policy concerns over a so-called "brain drain" from Australia. However the 2003 CEDA report argued the phenomenon was essentially positive: rather than experiencing a "brain drain", Australia was in fact seeing both "brain circulation" as Australians added to their skills and expertise, and a "brain gain", as these skilled expatriates tend to return to Australia and as new skilled immigrants arrive.[41] Between 1999 and 2003, there were seven highly educated migrants to Australia for every one highly educated Australian who was living elsewhere in countries within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[40] Levels of skilled immigration to Australia reflect Government policies to "practise a selective immigration policy based on human capital criteria".[44]

United Kingdom

During 1999-2003, 96,900, or one third of all Australian expatriates, lived in the United Kingdom.[40] According to Bloomberg, there were 200,000 Australians in London in 2007.[45] The 2011 UK Census recorded 113,592 residents born in Australia in England, 2,695 in Wales,[46] 8,279 in Scotland,[47] and 1,750 in Northern Ireland.[48] The Office for National Statistics estimates that 113,000 people born in Australia were resident in the UK in 2013.[3]

China

In Beijing, China there are 5,000 Australians.[49] In southern China there are 10,000 Australians.[50]

United States

In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 106,000 Australian citizens resident in the United States of America. The major places of residence were: 25,000 living in Los Angeles, 17,000 in San Francisco, 17,000 in Washington DC and 15,000 in New York.[51] For the period 1999-2003, it was estimated that 22% of Australian expatriates, 65,200, were living in the United States.[40] According to a 2010 estimate, in Los Angeles there are now 40,000 Australians.[52]

Australian migration to the United States is greater than Americans going to Australia. At the 2006 Census 71,718 Australian residents declared that they were American-born,[53] a smaller population than the population estimate of Australians living in the United States.

Comparison with the expatriate populations of other countries

The ratio of expatriate Australians in 2005 was 2.8 Australian-born people aged 15 years or over per 100 Australian born people aged 15 years and over within Australia. This ratio is much lower than many other countries in the OECD - the highest ratios in 2005 were for Ireland (29 Irish-born people aged 15 years and over in other OECD countries for every 100 in Ireland) and for New Zealand (19 per 100). The Australian ratio was higher than that of the United States (less than one person in other OECD countries per 100 USA-born within the USA).[40]

Education levels of Australian expatriates were high: 44% of Australian expatriates in other OECD countries had a high level of education.[54] Japanese expatriates had the highest proportion with 50% having a high level of education. 49% of expatriates from the USA had a high education as did 45% of expatriates from New Zealand.[40]

See also

References and notes

  1. ↑ Schmitz, Manuel. "Europe and Australia in the Age of Globalization: Becoming Neighbours in a Flat World?." Hamburg Review of Social Sciences 6.1 (2011)
  2. ↑ http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/australia/eu_australia/key_facts/index_en.htm
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ ADvance, Dublin and London: Queensland – Work Live Play Networking Receptions
  25. ↑ Evacuation plans for 7000 Australians living in South Korea as North prepares for nuclear strike against US
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ http://advance.org/australians-abroad-preliminary-findings-on-the-australian-diaspora/
  28. ↑ http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Australian%20Diaspora/SCG_Media_Release_7_Sep_2006_Spain.pdf
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 'Archaeology, diaspora and decolonization' by Ian Lilley in Journal of Social Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 28-47 Published by Sage (2006)
  35. ↑ Indigenous Experience Today by Marisol de la Cadena, Orin Starn, Published by Berg Publishers, 2007 ISBN 1-84520-518-9, ISBN 978-1-84520-518-8
  36. ↑ The Pain of Unbelonging: Alienation and Identity in Australasian Literature By Sheila Collingwood-Whittick, Germaine Greer Published by Rodopi, 2007 ISBN 90-420-2187-X, 9789042021877 2003
  37. ↑ The archaeology of ‘lost places’: ruin, memory and the heritage of the Aboriginal diaspora in Australia. By Rodney Harrison Historic Environment 17(1): 18-23
  38. ↑ David Day (April 2008). "Disappeared". The Monthly: 70–72.
  39. ↑ name="bth1">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ For example:
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  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-08/13/content_6930079.htm
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics - Ethnic Media Kit
  54. ↑ Notes on education levels from the ABS: (c) High level includes ISCED5A: Academic tertiary, ISCED5B: Vocational tertiary, ISCED 6: Advanced research. (d) Overall, 3% of OECD expatriates in the OECD had no information on educational attainment. These have been excluded from the total in calculating the proportion. (e)The migrant to expatriate ratio for people with a high level of education for a particular country is: the ratio of the number of migrants from other OECD countries with a high level of education living in that country, to the number of that country's expatriates with a high level of education.

Further reading

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External links

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