BSE SENSEX

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S&P BSE SENSEX
Bombay Stock Exchange 3.jpg
Type Stock Exchange
Location Mumbai, India
Currency INR(₹)
Website www.bseindia.com

The S&P BSE SENSEX (S&P Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive Index), also-called the BSE 30 or simply the SENSEX, is a free-float market-weighted stock market index of 30 well-established and financially sound companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange. The 30 component companies which are some of the largest and most actively traded stocks, are representative of various industrial sectors of the Indian economy. Published since 1 January 1986, the S&P BSE SENSEX is regarded as the pulse of the domestic stock markets in India. The base value of the S&P BSE SENSEX is taken as 100 on 1 April 1979, and its base year as 1978–79. On 25 July 2001 BSE launched DOLLEX-30, a dollar-linked version of S&P BSE SENSEX. As of 21 April 2011, the market capitalisation of S&P BSE SENSEX was about ₹29,733 billion (US$442 billion) (47.68% of market capitalisation of BSE), while its free-float market capitalisation was ₹15,690 billion (US$233 billion). During 2008-12, Sensex 30 Index share of BSE market capitalisation fell from 49% to 25%[1] due to the rise of sectoral indices like BSE PSU, Bankex, BSE-Teck, etc.

Etymology

The term Sensex was coined by Deepak Mohoni, a stock market analyst.[2][3]

Calculation

The BSE has some reviews and modifies its composition to be sure it reflects current market conditions. The index is calculated based on a free float capitalisation method, a variation of the market capitalisation method. Instead of using a company's outstanding shares it uses its float, or shares that are readily available for trading.[citation needed] As per free float capitalisation methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the free float market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalisation of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by of corporate actions, replacement of scrips, The index has increased by over twenty five times from June 1990 to the present. Using information from April 1979 onwards, the long-run rate of return on the S&P BSE SENSEX works out to be 18.6% per annum.

Milestones

Graph of S&P BSE SENSEX monthly data

The following is a timeline on the rise of the SENSEX through Indian stock market history.

  • 1000, 25 July 1990 – On 25 July 1990, the SENSEX touched the four-digit figure for the first time and closed at 1,001 in the wake of a good monsoon and excellent corporate results.
  • 2000, 15 January 1992 – On 15 January 1992, the SENSEX crossed the 2,000 mark and closed at 2,020 followed by the liberal economic policy initiatives undertaken by the then finance minister and Former Prime Minister of India Dr Manmohan Singh.
  • 3000, 29 February 1992 – On 29 February 1992, the SENSEX surged past the 3,000 mark in the wake of the market-friendly Budget announced by Manmohan Singh.
  • 4000, 30 March 1992 – On 30 March 1992, the SENSEX crossed the 4,000 mark and closed at 4,091 on the expectations of a liberal export-import policy. It was then that the Harshad Mehta scam hit the markets and SENSEX witnessed unabated selling.
  • 5000, 11 October 1999 – On 11 October 1999, the SENSEX crossed the 5,000 mark, as the Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition won the majority in the 13th Lok Sabha election.[4]
  • 6000, 11 February 2000 – On 11 February 2000, the information technology boom helped the SENSEX to cross the 6,000 mark and hit an all-time high of 6,006 points. This record would stand for nearly four years, until 2 January 2004, when the SENSEX closed at 6,026.59 points.[5]
  • 7000, 21 June 2005 – On 20 June 2005, the news of the settlement between the Ambani brothers boosted investor sentiments and the scrips of RIL, Reliance Energy, Reliance Capital and IPCL made huge gains. This helped the SENSEX crossed 7,000 points for the first time.
  • 8000, 8 September 2005 – On 8 September 2005, the Bombay Stock Exchange's benchmark 30-share index – the SENSEX – crossed the 8,000 level following brisk buying by foreign and domestic funds in early trading.
  • 9000, 9 December 2005 – The SENSEX on 28 November 2005 crossed 9,000 and touched a peak of 9,000.32 points during mid-session at the Bombay Stock Exchange on the back of frantic buying spree by foreign institutional investors and well supported by local operators as well as retail investors. However, it was on 9 December 2005 that the SENSEX first closed at over 9,000 points.[6]
  • 10,000, 7 February 2006 – The SENSEX on 6 February 2006 touched 10,003 points during mid-session. The SENSEX finally closed above the 10,000 mark on 7 February 2006.
  • 20,000, 11 December 2007 – The SENSEX on 29 October 2007 crossed the 20,000 mark for the first time during intra-day trading, but closed at 19,977.67 points. However, it was on 11 December 2007 that it finally closed at a figure above 20,000 points on the back of aggressive buying by funds.[4]
  • 21,000, 5 November 2010 – The SENSEX on 8 January 2008 crossed the 21,000 mark for the first time, reaching an intra-day peak of 21,078 points, before closing at 20,873.[7] However, it was not until 5 November 2010 that the SENSEX closed at 21,004.96, for its first close above 21,000 points.[8] This record would stand for nearly three years, until 30 October 2013, when the SENSEX closed at 21,033.97 points.[9]
  • 19 February 2013 – SENSEX becomes S&P SENSEX as BSE ties up with Standard and Poor's to use the S&P brand for Sensex and other indices.[10]
  • 13 March 2014 - The SENSEX closes higher than the Hang Seng Index, to become the major Asian stock market index with the highest value, for the first time ever.
  • 22,000, 24 March 2014 – The SENSEX on 10 March 2014 crossed the 22,000 mark for the first time during intra-day trading. However, it was on 24 March 2014 that the index finally closed above the milestone[11] at 22,095.30.[12]
  • 23,000, 9 May 2014 - The SENSEX crossed record 23,000 level for the first time, but close just short of the milestone level, on 9 May 2014. The index would close well above the 23,000 mark during the following session.
  • 12 May 2014 - The SENSEX closed at its record all-time high of 23,551,a rise of 2.42%(+556.77 points) intraday due to continued fund inflows on hopes of a stable government.[13]
  • 24,000, 13 May 2014 - The SENSEX crossed record 24,000 level for the first time, on 13 May 2014 and reached its peak of 24,067.11 due to sustained capital inflows by foreign funds at the domestic bourses and widespread buying by retail investors after exit polls showing the BJP-led NDA forming the government lifted the key indices to new highs.However it closed at a little low at 23,905 points[14]
  • 25,000, 16 May 2014 - The SENSEX crossed record 25,000 level for the first time, on 16 May 2014 and reached its peak of 25,364.71 due to winning of the BJP led NDA government by a staggering record marginal difference of all times. However, it closed well below the 25,000 mark. Still, the index closed at its all-time high of 24,121.74, for its first close above 24,000 points.[15] The SENSEX closed at 25,019.51, for its first close above the 25,000 milestone on 5 June 2014[16]
  • 26,000, 7 July 2014- The SENSEX crossed record 26,000 level for the first time on 7 July 2014 and reached its peak of 26,123.55, before closing slightly lower at 26,100.08, in anticipation of strong reformatory budget by the new government.[17]
  • 27,000, 2 September 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 27,019.39, for its first close above the 27,000 level, on 2 September 2014.[18] This is the sixth 1000-point milestone the index has crossed in 2014, tying a record set in 2007.
  • 28,000, 5 November 2014 - The SENSEX crossed 28,000 mark, on 5 November 2014.[19] One week later, on 12 November 2014, the index would close above the milestone for the first time.[20] This is the seventh 1000-point milestone the index has crossed in 2014, breaking the six 1000-point record set in 2007.
  • 29,272, 23 January 2015 - BSE Sensex today set a new high of 29,408 points and all-time closing high of 29,278.84, up 272.82 points[21]
  • 30,000, 4 March 2015 - The Sensex breaches 30000 mark following steps taken by the Reserve Bank Of India in cutting the repo rates.

The SENSEX since 2006

May–December 2006

On 22 May 2006, the SENSEX plunged by 1,100 points during intra-day trading, leading to the suspension of trading for the first time since 17 May 2004. The volatility of the SENSEX had caused investors to lose Rs 6 trillion (US$131 billion) within seven trading sessions. The Finance Minister of India, P. Chidambaram, made an unscheduled press statement when trading was suspended to assure investors that nothing was wrong with the fundamentals of the economy, and advised retail investors to stay invested. When trading resumed after the reassurances of the Reserve Bank of India and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the SENSEX managed to move up 700 points, but still finished the session 457 points in the red.[22]

The SENSEX eventually recovered from the volatility, and on 16 October 2006, the SENSEX closed at an all-time high of 12,928.18 with an intra-day high of 12,953.76. This was a result of increased confidence in the economy and reports that India's manufacturing sector grew by 11.1% in August 2006.

  • 13,000, 30 October 2006 – The SENSEX on 30 October 2006 crossed 13,000 mark for the first time, touching a peak of 13,039.36, before closing at 13,024.26 points. It took 135 days to reach 13,000 from 12,000, and 124 days to reach 13,000 from 12,500.
  • 14,000, 5 December 2006 – The SENSEX on 5 December 2006 crossed 14,000 mark for the first time, after opening the day with a peak of 14,028 at 9.58 am(IST).

July–September 2007: Effects of the subprime crisis in the U.S.

  • 15,000, 6 July 2007- The SENSEX on 6 July 2007 crossed another milestone and reached a magic figure of 15,000. It took 7 months and one day after first reaching the 14,000 milestone to touch this historic milestone.

On 23 July 2007, the SENSEX touched a new high of 15,733 points. On 27 July 2007 the SENSEX witnessed a huge decline because of selling by Foreign Institutional Investors and global cues to come back to 15,160 points by noon. Following global cues and heavy selling in the international markets, the BSE SENSEX fell by 615 points in a single day on 1 August 2007.[23]

  • 16,000, 19 September 2007- The SENSEX on 19 September 2007 crossed the 16,000 mark, closing at a historic peak of 16,322. The bull hits because of the rate cut of 50 bit/s in the discount rate by the Fed chief Ben Bernanke.
  • 17,000, 26 September 2007- On 26 September 2007, the SENSEX crossed the 17,000 mark for the first time, creating a record for the second fastest 1000 point gain in just 5 trading sessions. It failed however to sustain the momentum and closed below 17,000. The SENSEX closed above 17,000 for the first time on the following day. Reliance group has been the main contributor in this bull run, contributing 256 points. This also helped Mukesh Ambani's net worth to grow to over $50 billion or Rs. 2 trillion. It was also during this record bull run that the SENSEX for the first time zoomed ahead of the Nikkei of Japan.

October–December 2007: Participatory notes issue

  • 18,000, 9 October 2007- The SENSEX crossed the 18,000 mark for the first time on 9 October 2007, gaining 788 points, to close at 18,280. The journey from 17,000 to 18,000 took just 8 trading sessions, which is the third fastest 1000-point rise in the history of the SENSEX.
  • 19,000, 15 October 2007- The SENSEX crossed the 19,000 mark for the first time on 15 October 2007, gaining 640 points, to close at 19,059. It took just 4 trading sessions for the SENSEX to move from 18,000 to 19,000. This is the fastest 1000-point rise ever for the index. In addition, the rise from 16,000 to 19,000 in 17 trading sessions sets a record for the fastest 3,000-point rally in the history of the SENSEX.

On 16 October 2007, SEBI (Securities & Exchange Board of India) proposed curbs on participatory notes which accounted for roughly 50% of FII investment in 2007. SEBI was not happy with P-notes because it was not possible to know who owned the underlying securities, and hedge funds acting through P-notes might therefore cause volatility in the Indian markets.

However the proposals of SEBI were not clear and this led to a knee-jerk crash when the markets opened on the following day (17 October 2007). Within a minute of opening trade, the SENSEX crashed by 1,744 points or about 9% of its value – the biggest intra-day fall in Indian stock markets in absolute terms till then. This led to the automatic suspension of trade for one hour. Finance Minister P. Chidambaram issued clarifications, in the meantime, that the government was not against FIIs and was not immediately banning PNs. After the market opened at 10:55 am, the index staged a comeback and ended the day at 18715.82, down 336.04 from the last day's close.

However, this would not be the end of the volatility. The next day (18 October 2007), the SENSEX tumbled by 717.43 points – 3.83 per cent – to close at 17,998.39 points. The slide continued the next day (19 October 2007), when the SENSEX fell 438.41 points to settle at 17,559.98 to the end of the week, after touching the lowest level of that week at 17,226.18 during the day.

After detailed clarifications from the SEBI chief M. Damodaran regarding the new rules, the market made an 879-point gain on 23 October, thus signalling the end of the PN crisis.

  • 20,000, 11 December 2007- On 29 October 2007, the SENSEX crossed the 20,000 mark for the first time with a massive 734.5-point gain, but closed below the 20,000 mark. The SENSEX would close above the 20,000 mark for the first time on 11 December 2007. It took 42 days after reaching the 19,000 milestone to close above 20,000 points for the first time. The journey of the last 10,000 points was covered in just 483[24] sessions, compared to 7,297 sessions taken to touch the 10,000 mark from its base value of 100 points. In the second half of 2007 alone, the SENSEX reached six 1,000-point milestones.

May 2009-present

On 18 May 2009, the SENSEX surged up 2,110.79 points to close at 14,285.21, from its previous closing of 12,174.42, for its largest single day rally. Less than a month later, on 4 June 2009, the SENSEX would cross the 15,000 mark.

However, the SENSEX remained volatile during the summer of 2009. The SENSEX plunged by 869.65 points on 6 July 2009, the day of Union Budget presentation in Parliament on concerns over high fiscal deficit. This was the biggest Budget-day loss for the index.[4] On 17 August 2009, the SENSEX lost 626.71 points.

Once again, the SENSEX would recover from the volatility. On 7 September 2009, the SENSEX crossed the 16,000 mark, closing at 16,016.32 points. The index would gain 3,000 points over the next 12 months, as the SENSEX crossed the 19,000 mark on 13 September 2010, closing at 19,208.33 points.

  • 21,000, 5 November 2010 - The SENSEX closed at 21,004.96, for its first close above the 21,000 mark. It would take nearly three years for the index to make its next close above this level.
  • 22,000, 24 March 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 22,055.48, for its first close above the 22,000 mark. For the first time, the SENSEX zoomed ahead of the Hang Seng Index.
  • 23,000, 12 May 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 23,551.00, for its first close above the 23,000 mark,
  • 24,000, 16 May 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 24,121.74, for its first close above the 24,000 mark, Breaking all previous records and above all other indexes in the world.
  • 25,000, 5 June 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 25,019.51, for its first close above the 25,000 mark,
  • 26,000, 7 July 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 26,123.55, for its first close above the 26,000 mark,
  • 27,000, 2 September 2014 - The SENSEX closed at 27019.39, for its first close above the 27,000 mark,
  • 28,000, 5 November 2014 - The SENSEX crossed 28,000 mark, on 5 November 2014.[19] This is the seventh 1000-point milestone the index has crossed in 2014, breaking the six 1000-point record set in 2007.

Major SENSEX stock market plunges

January 2008

In the third week of January 2008, the SENSEX experienced huge falls along with other markets around the world. On 21 January 2008, the SENSEX saw its highest ever loss of 1,408 points at the end of the session. The SENSEX recovered to close at 17,605.40 after it tumbled to the day's low of 16,963.96, on high volatility as investors panicked following weak global cues amid fears of a recession in the US.

The next day, the BSE SENSEX index went into a free fall. The index hit the lower circuit breaker in barely a minute after the markets opened at 10 am. Trading was suspended for an hour. On reopening at 10.55 am IST, the market saw its biggest intra-day fall when it hit a low of 15,332, down 2,273 points. However, after reassurance from the Finance Minister of India, the market bounced back to close at 16,730 with a loss of 875 points.[25]

Over the course of two days, the BSE SENSEX in India dropped from 19,013 on Monday morning to 16,730 by Tuesday evening or a two-day fall of 13.9%.[25] Less than a month later, on 11 February 2008, the SENSEX lost 833.98 points, when Reliance Power fell below its IPO price in its debut trade after a high-profile public offer.[4]

March 2008

The free fall of the SENSEX accelerated in March 2008. The month started out with the Sensex losing 900.84 points on 3 March 2008, on concerns emanating from growing credit losses in the US. This would be the first of four one-day falls of greater than 700 points during the month. On 13 March 2008, the SENSEX plummeted another 770.63 points on global economic jitters.[4]

  • 14,810, 17 March 2008 - The SENSEX dropped by 951.03 points on the global credit crisis and distress, to fall below the 15,000 mark, closing at 14,810.[4]

The month ended with the SENSEX shedding 726.85 points on 31 March 2008, after heavy selling in blue-chip stocks on global economic fears.

  • 13,802, 27 June 2008 - The SENSEX dropped by 600 points, to fall below the 14,000 mark, closing at 13,802.
  • 12,962, 1 July 2008 - The SENSEX falls below the 13,000 mark, closing at 12,962.[4]
  • 11,802, 6 October 2008 - The SENSEX dropped by 724.62 points amid fears of the US recession and attempts by governments across the world to save their failing banks, to fall below the 12,000 mark, closing at 11,802.[4]
  • 10,527, 10 October 2008 - The SENSEX dropped by 800.51 points amid weak industrial production data and concerns over impact of global economic crisis on IT and banking firms in India,[4] to fall below the 11,000 mark, closing at 10,527.
  • 9,975, 17 October 2008 – The SENSEX crashes below the psychological 5-figure mark of 10,000 points, closing at 9,975.35, following extremely negative global financial indications in US and other countries. Just ten months earlier, in December 2007, SENSEX had closed above the 20,000 mark for the first time.
  • 8,701.07, 24 October 2008 - The SENSEX lost 10.96% of its value (1070.63 points) on the intra-day trade, closing at 8,701.07, for its first close below the 9,000 mark since 14 June 2006, after RBI lowered its GDP growth forecasts on global economic concerns.[4] The loss was the 2nd highest in terms of total points, and the 3rd highest percentage-wise, for a one-day period in the index's history.
  • 8,509.56, 27 October 2008 - The SENSEX hit an intra-day low of 7,697.39, before closing at 8,509.56,[4] for its lowest close since 14 November 2005.

Early 2009

The SENSEX dropped by 749.05 points on 7 January 2009, when the Satyam fraud came to light.[4]

  • 8,160.40, 9 March 2009 - The SENSEX closed at 8,160.40, for its lowest close since 2 November 2005.

2015

The index crossed the historical mark of 30,000 after repo rate cut announcement by RBI[26]

The index plummeted by over 1,624.51 points on 24 August 2015, the biggest one-day point plunge in the index's history.[27]

Major falls

On the following dates, the SENSEX index suffered major single-day falls (of 430 or more points):[28]

  1. 24 August 2015 --- 1,624.51 points
  2. 21 January 2008 --- 1,408.35 points
  3. 24 October 2008 --— 1,070.63 points
  4. 17 March 2008 --- 951.03 points
  5. 3 March 2008 --- 900.84 points[4]
  6. 22 January 2008 --- 875 points
  7. 6 July 2009 --- 869.65 points
  8. 6 January 2015 --- 854.86 points
  9. 11 February 2008 --- 833.98 points
  10. 18 May 2006 --- 826 points
  11. 10 October 2008 --- 800.51 points
  12. 13 March 2008 --- 770.63 points
  13. 17 December 2007 --- 769.48 points
  14. 16 August 2013 --- 769.41 points
  15. 7 January 2009 --- 749.05 points
  16. 31 March 2008[4] --- 726.85 points
  17. 6 October 2008 --- 724.62 points
  18. 05 May 2015 --- 722 points
  19. 17 October 2007 --- 717.43 points
  20. 15 September 2008 --- 710.00 points
  21. 22 September 2011 --- 704.00 points
  22. 18 January 2008 --- 687.82 points
  23. 21 November 2007 --- 678.18 points
  24. 26 March 2015 --- 654.25 points[29]
  25. 3 September 2013 --- 651.47 points[30]
  26. 16 August 2007 --- 642.70 points
  27. 17 August 2009 --- 626.71 points
  28. 2 April 2007 --- 617 points[23]
  29. 1 August 2007 --- 615 points
  30. 9 March 2015 --- 604.17 points[31]
  31. 27 June 2008 --- 600.00 points
  32. 27 Aug 2013 --- 590.05 points[32]
  33. 28 April 1992 --- 570 points[22]
  34. 17 May 2004 --- 565 points[22]
  35. 24 February 2011 --- 545.92 points
  36. 22 September 2015 --- 541.14 points
  37. 16 December 2014 --- 538.12 points[33]
  38. 4 January 2016 --- 537.55 points.
  39. 20 June 2013 --- 526.41 points[34]
  40. 8 July 2014 --- 517.97 points[35]
  41. 30 January 2015 --- 498.82 points[36]
  42. 9 February 2015 --- 490.52 points[37]
  43. 27 February 2012 --- 477.82 points
  44. 15 May 2006 --- 463 points[22]
  45. 22 May 2006 --- 457 points
  46. 31 May 2013 --- 455.10 points
  47. 18 Nov 2013 --- 451.32 points
  48. 19 May 2006 --- 453 points[22]
  49. 6 August 2013 --- 449.22 points[38]
  50. 16 November 2010 --- 444.55 points
  51. 4 February 2011 --- 441.92 points
  52. 12 November 2010 --- 432 points
  53. 13 May 2013 --- 430.65 points[39]
  54. 07 Jan 2016 --- 554.50 points

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Will Nelson's magic work again for Sensex on Friday?
  3. ↑ He coined the term Sensex and he now wants a trademark for it
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ http://profit.ndtv.com/budget/rajan-backs-jaitley-on-growth-cuts-repo-rate-sensex-hits-30-000-744111
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/top-five-reasons-sensex-fell-below-27500/articleshow/46698449.cms
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/stock-market-bse-sensex-nse-nifty-today-march-9-2015/1/216673.html
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ http://www.rediff.com/business/report/how-the-markets-fared-on-jan-30/20150130.htm
  37. ↑ http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/stock-market-bse-sensex-nse-nifty-february-9-2015/1/215511.html
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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