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Banat Bulgarians

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Banat Bulgarians
Bulgarian-inhabited places in the Banat
Bulgarian-inhabited places in the Banat
  Bulgarian population
  City or town
Total population
( Romania: 6,468[1]
12,000 (est.)[2]
 Serbia: 1,055 (2011)[3]
3,000 (est.)[2])
Regions with significant populations
Banat (Romania, Serbia), Bulgaria,
to a lesser extent Hungary, United States
Languages
Banat Bulgarian,
common Bulgarian
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
other Bulgarians, South Slavs

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Banat Bulgarians (Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common Bulgarian: банатски българи, banatski balgari) are a distinct Bulgarian minority group which settled in the 18th century in the region of the Banat, which was then ruled by the Habsburgs and after World War I was divided between Romania, Serbia, and Hungary. Unlike most other Bulgarians, they are Roman Catholic by confession and stem from groups of Paulicians and Roman Catholics from modern northern and northwestern Bulgaria.

Banat Bulgarians speak a distinctive codified form of the Eastern Bulgarian vernacular with much lexical influence from the other languages of the Banat. Although strongly acculturated to the Central European region, they have preserved their Bulgarian identity.[4] Since the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, many have returned to Bulgaria and founded separate villages there.

Population

The official Romanian census[when?] states that 6,468 people of Bulgarian origin inhabit the Romanian part of the Banat.[5] The Serbian census of 2002 recognized 1,658 Bulgarians in Vojvodina, the autonomous province that covers the Serbian part of the Banat.[6] Bulgarian researchers estimate that 12,000 Banat Bulgarians live in Romania and 3,000 in Serbia.[2]

The earliest and most important centres of the Banat Bulgarian population are the villages of Dudeştii Vechi (Stár Bišnov) and Vinga, both today in Romania,[7] but notable communities also exist in Romania in Breştea (Bréšća), Colonia Bulgară (Telepa) and Denta (Dénta),[8] and the cities of Timişoara (Timišvár) and Sânnicolau Mare (Smikluš), as well as in Serbia in the villages of Ivanovo, Konak (Kanak), Jaša Tomić (Modoš), and Skorenovac (Gjurgevo).[9]

In Bulgaria, returning Banat Bulgarians populated the villages of Asenovo, Bardarski Geran, Dragomirovo, Gostilya, and Bregare,[8] among others, in some of which they coexist or coexisted with Banat Swabians, other Bulgarian Roman Catholics, and Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians.[10]

Historical population

According to various censuses and estimates, not always accurate, the number of the Banat Bulgarians varied as follows:[11]

Source Date Population Notes
Romania Serbia
Jozu Rill 1864 30,000–35,000
Hungarian statistics 1880 18,298
Hungarian statistics 1900 19,944
Hungarian statistics 1910 13,536 "evidently underestimated"[9]
Various authors second half
of the 19th century		 22,000–26,000 "sometimes including the Krashovani"[9]
Romanian census 1930 10,012 Romanian Banat only
Dimo Kazasov 1936 3,200 Serbian Banat only; estimated
Romanian census 1939 9,951 Romanian Banat only
Karol Telbizov 1940 12,000 Romanian Banat only; estimated
Mihail Georgiev 1942 up to 4,500 Serbian Banat only; estimated[12]
Romanian census 1956 12,040 Romania only[13]
Yugoslav census 1971 3,745 Serbian Banat only[14]
Romanian census 1977 9,267 Romania only[13]
Romanian census 2002 6,486 Romania only[1]
Serbian census 2002 1,658 Serbia only[15]

History

Origin and migration north of the Danube

The Bulgarian Roman Catholic community in the north-western ore-mining town of Chiprovtsi and surrounding villages was possibly established in the Middle Ages by "Saxon" miners,[16] who later migrated elsewhere or were assimilated.[17] In 1688, the members of the community organized the unsuccessful Chiprovtsi Uprising against the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria.[8][16] The uprising was suppressed[18] due to organizational flaws and the halting of the Austrian offensive against the Ottomans. Around 300 families of the surviving Catholics fled north of the Danube to Oltenia, initially settling in Craiova, Râmnicu Vâlcea, and other cities, where their existing rights were confirmed by Wallachian Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu. Some moved to south-western Transylvania, founding colonies in Vinţu de Jos (1700) and Deva (1714) and receiving privileges such as civil rights and tax exemption.[19]

After Oltenia was occupied by Austria in 1718, the status of the Bulgarians in the region improved again, as an imperial decree of 1727 allowed them the same privileges as their colonies in Transylvania. This attracted another wave of migration of Bulgarian Catholics, about 300 families from the formerly Paulician villages of central northern Bulgaria. They settled in Craiova between 1726 and 1730, but did not receive the same rights as the colonists from Chiprovtsi.[20]

The Habsburgs were forced to withdraw from Oltenia in 1737 in the wake of a new war with the Ottoman Empire. The Bulgarians fled from this new Ottoman occupation and settled in the Austrian-ruled Banat to the northwest. The Austrian authorities[21] allowed them to found the villages of Stár Bišnov in 1738 and Vinga (or Theresiopolis) in 1741.[22] In 1744, a decree of Maria Theresa of Austria again confirmed their privileges received in Oltenia.[23]

Austrian and Hungarian rule

The Roman Catholic Church in Dudeştii Vechi, Romania

Around a hundred Paulicians from the region of Svishtov and Nikopol migrated to the Banat from 1753 to 1777.[24] The existing Bulgarian population quickly spread throughout the region from the late 18th to the second quarter of the 19th century. They settled in around 20 villages and towns in search of better economic conditions, specifically their need for arable land. Such colonies include those in Modoš (1779), Kanak and Stari Lec (1820), Belo Blato (1885), Bréšća, Dénta, and Banatski Dvor (1842), Telepa (1846), Gjurgevo (1866), and Ivanovo (1867).[25]

The Roman Catholic Church in Ivanovo, Serbia

After they settled, the Banat Bulgarians began to take care of their education and religion. The Neo-Baroque church in Stár Bišnov was built in 1804 and the imposing Neo-Gothic church in Vinga in 1892. Until 1863, Banat Bulgarians held liturgies in Latin and "Illyric". Illyric was a strain of Croatian which had spread in the communities before they migrated to the Banat. However, with their cultural revival in the mid-19th century, their vernacular was gradually introduced in the church. The revival also led to the release of their first printed book, Manachija kathehismus za katolicsanske Paulichiane, in 1851. "Illyric" was also substituted with Banat Bulgarian in education in 1860 (officially in 1864). In 1866, Jozu Rill codified the dialect with his essay Bálgarskotu pravopisanj.[26]

After the Ausgleich of 1867, the Hungarian authorities gradually intensified the Magyarization of the Banat. Until World War I, they imposed Hungarian as the main language of education.[27]

The Banat Bulgarian Roman Catholic church in Bardarski Geran, Bulgaria

Interwar Romanian and Serbian Banat

After World War I, Austria-Hungary was dissolved and Banat was divided between Romania and Serbia. Most Banat Bulgarians became citizens of the Kingdom of Romania, but many fell inside the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

In Greater Romania, the Banat Bulgarians' identity was distinguished in censuses and statistics.[28] The main language of education was changed to Romanian and the Bulgarian schools were nationalized. A Romanian geography book of 1931 describes the Bulgarians in the county of Timiș-Torontal as "foreigners", and their national dress as "not as beautiful" as the Romanian one,[29] but in general the Banat Bulgarians were more favourably treated than the larger Eastern Orthodox Bulgarian minority in interwar Romania.[30]

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia denied the existence of any Bulgarian minority, whether in the Vardar Banovina, the Western Outlands, or the Banat. Official post-World War I statistics provide no data about the number of the Banat Bulgarians.[31] In comparison with the Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians in Yugoslavia, the Banat Bulgarians were treated better by the Yugoslav authorities,[32] although Serbo-Croatian was the only language of education.[33]

In the 1930s, the Banat Bulgarians in Romania entered a period of cultural revival led by figures such as Ivan Fermendžin, Anton Lebanov, and Karol Telbis (Telbizov).[34] These new cultural leaders emphasized the Bulgarian identity at the expense of the identification as Paulicians and Roman Catholics, establishing contacts with the Bulgarian government and other Bulgarian communities in Romania, particularly that in Dobruja. The organs of this revival were the newspaper Banatsći balgarsći glasnić (Banat Bulgarian Voice),[34] issued between 1935 and 1943, and the annual Banatsći balgarsći kalendar (Banat Bulgarian Calendar), issued from 1936 to 1940. There was a plan to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the settlement in the Banat which was the most significant manifestation by Banat Bulgarians in that period. It was partially spoiled by the Romanian authorities, but still attracted much attention among intellectuals in Bulgaria.[35] The Bulgarian Agrarian Party, a section of the National Peasants' Party, was founded in 1936 on the initiative of Karol Telbizov and Dr. Karol Manjov of Stár Bišnov,[36] with Petar Telbisz as its chairman,[37] and the Bulgarian National Society in the Banat, also headed by Telbisz, was established in 1939.

Bulgaria and Yugoslavia improved their relations in the 1930s, leading to indirect recognition of the Banat Bulgarian minority by the Yugoslav government. Still, the Banat Bulgarian revival was much less perceivable in the Serbian Banat. The Banat Bulgarian population in Yugoslavia was only partially affected by the work of Telbizov, Lebanov, and the other cultural workers in the Romanian Banat.[38]

Emigration to Hungary, the United States and Bulgaria

Some Banat Bulgarians migrated again, mainly to Hungary and the United States. According to Bulgarian data from 1942, 10,000 Banat Bulgarians lived in Hungary, mainly in the major cities, but this number is most likely overestimated.[39] Members of the Banat Bulgarian community in Hungary include several deputies to the National Assembly, such as Petar Dobroslav, whose son László Dobroslav (László Bolgár) was a diplomat, and Georgi Velčov.[40]

During the Interwar period, the Banat Bulgarian communities in Romania were among those experiencing the greatest emigration to the USA, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s.[41] An organized Bulgarian community was established in Lone Wolf, Oklahoma, where the Banat Bulgarians were mostly farmers.[42]

A significant number of Banat Bulgarians returned to Bulgaria, beginning in the 1880s and 1890s.[8] They founded several villages in Pleven Province, Vratsa Province and Veliko Tarnovo Province and received privileges, as per the law of 1880, for the settlement of unpopulated lands. They introduced superior agricultural technologies to the country and fully applied their farming experience. Their religious life was partly determined by the clashes between the dominant Eastern Orthodoxy and the minority Catholicism, and cultural conflicts with other Roman Catholic communities which they lived with in several villages, such as the Banat Swabians and the Bulgarian Paulicians from Ilfov.[43]

World War II and later

Location of the main Banat Bulgarian villages in Bulgaria

On the eve of World War II, the authoritarian regime of Carol II of Romania and the fascist government under Ion Antonescu widely discriminated against the Bulgarian minority in the Romanian Banat. Bulgarians were often deprived of property and land, subjected to anti-Bulgarian propaganda, and their villages had to shelter Romanian and Aromanian refugees from Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja.[44]

Location of the Banat in Europe

In May 1941, the Bulgarians in the Romanian Banat contributed to the release of ethnic Bulgarian prisoners of war from the Yugoslav Army, captured by the Axis, from a camp near Timișoara. Communicating with the Bulgarian state, Banat Bulgarian leaders headed by Anton Lebanov negotiated the prisoners' release and transportation to Bulgaria, after the example of the release of captured Hungarian soldiers from the Yugoslav Army. They temporarily accommodated these Bulgarians from Vardar Macedonia and the Serbian Banat and provided them with food until they could be taken to Bulgaria.[45]

The Serbian Banat was conquered by Nazi Germany on 12 April 1941, and was occupied for much of the war.[46] In late 1942, the German authorities allowed Bulgarian minority classes to be created in the Serbian schools in Ivanovo, Skorenovac, Konak, Belo Blato, and Jaša Tomić.[47] However, the sudden change in the war and German withdrawal from the Banat forced education in Bulgarian to be discontinued after the 1943–44 school year.[48]

After the war, Banat Bulgarians in Romania and Yugoslavia were ruled by communist regimes. In the Romanian Banat, some were deported in the Bărăgan deportations in 1951, but most of those were allowed to return in 1956–57.[49] A Bulgarian school was founded in Dudeștii Vechi in 1948, and in Vinga in 1949. Others followed in Breștea, Colonia Bulgară, and Denta, but these were briefly closed or united with the Romanian schools after 1952, and Bulgarian remained an optional subject.[50]

The Constitution of Romania of 1991 allowed Bulgarians in the Romanian Banat parliamentary representation through the minority party of the Bulgarian Union of the Banat — Romania (Balgarskotu družstvu ud Banát — Rumanija), led formerly by Karol-Matej Ivánčov and as of 2008 by Nikola Mirkovič,[51] and Bulgarian remained an optional subject in the schools.[52]

In post-war Yugoslavia, the existence of a Banat Bulgarian minority was formally recognized, but they were not given the same rights as the larger Bulgarian minority in eastern Serbia. Unlike other minorities in Vojvodina, they were not allowed education in their mother tongue, only Serbo-Croatian.[53]

Language

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Main article: Banat Bulgarian language

The vernacular of the Bulgarians of Banat can be classified as a Paulician dialect of the Eastern Bulgarian group. A typical feature is the "ы" (*y) vowel, which can either take an etymological place or replace "i".[2] Other characteristic phonological features are the "ê" (wide "e") reflex of the Old Church Slavonic yat and the reduction of "o" into "u" and sometimes "e" into "i": puljé instead of pole ("field"), sélu instead of selo ("village"), ugništi instead of ognište ("fireplace").[2] Another characteristic feature is the palatalization of final consonants, which is typical for other Slavic languages, but found only in non-standard dialects in Bulgarian (Bulgarian den ("day") sounds like and is written as denj).[54]

Lexically, the language has borrowed many words from languages such as German (such as drot from Draht, "wire"; gáng from Gang, "anteroom, corridor"), Hungarian (vilánj from villany, "electricity"; mozi, "cinema"), Serbo-Croatian (stvár from stvar, "item, matter"; ráčun from račun, "account"), and Romanian (šedinca from ședință, "conference")[55] due to the close contacts with the other peoples of the multiethnical Banat and the religious ties with other Roman Catholic peoples. Banat Bulgarian also has some older loanwords from Ottoman Turkish[56] and Greek, which it shares with other Bulgarian dialects (e.g. hirgjén from Turkish ergen, "unmarried man, bachelor"; trandáfer from Greek τριαντάφυλλο triantafyllo, "rose").[57] Loanwords constitute around 20% of the Banat Bulgarian vocabulary.[54][56] The names of some Banat Bulgarians are also influenced by Hungarian names, as the Hungarian (eastern) name order is sometimes used (family name followed by given name) and the female ending "-a" is often dropped from family names. Thus, Marija Velčova would become Velčov Marija.[58]

Besides loanwords, the lexis of Banat Bulgarian has also acquired calques and neologisms, such as svetica ("icon", formerly used ikona and influenced by German Heiligenbild), zarno ("bullet", from the word meaning "grain"), oganbalváč ("volcano", literally "fire belcher"), and predhurta ("foreword").[54]

The Banat Bulgarian language uses its own script, largely based on the Croatian version of the Latin alphabet (Gaj's Latin Alphabet), and preserves many features that are archaic in the language spoken in Bulgaria. The language was codified as early as 1866 and is used in literature and press, which distinguishes it from plain dialects.[54]

Alphabet

The following is the Banat Bulgarian Latin alphabet:[59][60]

Banat Bulgarian Latin
Cyrillic equivalents
IPA		 А а
Ъ
/ɤ/		 Á á
А
/a/		 B b
Б
/b/		 C c
Ц
/t͡s/		 Č č
Ч
/t͡ʃ/		 Ć ć
Ќ (кь)
/c/		 D d
Д
/d/		 Dz dz
Ѕ (дз)
/d͡z/		 Dž dž
Џ (дж)
/d͡ʒ/		 E e
Е
/ɛ/		 É é
Ѣ
/e/
Latin
Cyrillic
IPA		 F f
Ф
/f/		 G g
Г
/ɡ/		 Gj gj
Ѓ (гь)
/ɟ/		 H h
Х
/h/		 I i
И
/i/		 J j
Й , Ь
/j/		 K k
К
/k/		 L l
Л
/l/		 Lj lj
Љ (ль)
/ʎ/		 M m
М
/m/		 N n
Н
/n/
Latin
Cyrillic
IPA		 Nj nj
Њ (нь)
/ɲ/		 O o
О
/ɔ/		 P p
П
/p/		 R r
Р
/r/		 S s
С
/s/		 Š š
Ш
/ʃ/		 T t
Т
/t/		 U u
У
/u/		 V v
В
/v/		 Z z
З
/z/		 Ž ž
Ж
/ʒ/

Examples

The Lord's Prayer in Banat Bulgarian:[61]
Banat Bulgarian English
Baštá náš, kojtu si na nebeto: Imetu ti da se pusveti. Our father who art in heaven hallowed be thy name.
Kraljéstvotu ti da dodi. Olete ti da badi, Thy kingdom, come thy will be done,
kaćétu na nebeto taj i na zemete. as in heaven so on earth.
Kátadenjšnija leb náš, dáj mu nám dnés. Give us this day our daily bread.
I uprusti mu nám náša dalgj, And forgive us guilty as we are,
kaćétu i nija upráštemi na nášte dlažnici. as we also forgive our debtors.
I nide mu uvižde u nápas, Also do not bring us into temptation,
negu mu izbávej ud zlo. But free us from this evil.
  • Star beshenov cyrkva nadpis 1.JPG

    Inscription about bishop Nikola Stanislavič in the Dudeștii Vechi church

  • Sigla UBBR Vinga.jpg

    Bilingual Banat Bulgarian (written in Latin letters)-Romanian plaque in Vinga

  • Gostilya plaque.jpg

    A rare occasion of Banat Bulgarian written in Cyrillic letters in Gostilya, Bulgaria

Culture

Banat Bulgarians have engaged in literary activity since they settled in the Banat. Their earliest preserved literary work is the historical record Historia Domus (Historia Parochiae Oppidi Ó-Bessenyö, in Diocesi Czanadiensi, Comitatu Torontalensi), written in Latin in the 1740s. The codification of the Banat Bulgarian vernacular in 1866 enabled the release of a number of school books and the translation of several important religious works in the mid-19th century.[62] There was a literary revival in the 1930s, centred around the Banatsći balgarsći glasnić newspaper. Today, the Bulgarian Union of the Banat – Romania issues the biweekly newspaper Náša glás and the monthly magazine Literaturna miselj.[63]

The music of the Banat Bulgarians is classed as a separate branch of Bulgarian folk music, with several verbal and musical peculiarities. While the typically Bulgarian bars have been preserved, a number of melodies display Romanian, Serbian, and Hungarian influences, and the specific Bulgarian Christmas carols have been superseded by urban-type songs. Roman Catholicism has exerted considerable influence, eliminating certain types of songs and replacing them with others.[64] Similarly, Banat Bulgarians have preserved many Bulgarian holidays but also adopted others from other Roman Catholic peoples.[65] One of the most popular holidays is Faršángji, or the Carnival.[66] In terms of dances, Banat Bulgarians have also heavily borrowed from the neighbouring peoples, for example Hungarian csárdás.[64]

The women's national costume of the Banat Bulgarians has two varieties. The costume of Vinga is reminiscent of those of sub-Balkan cities in Bulgaria; the one of Stár Bišnov is characteristic of northwestern Bulgaria. The Vinga costume has been particularly influenced by the dress of Hungarians and Germans, but the Stár Bišnov costume has remained more conservative.[67] The Banat Bulgarian women's costume is perceived as particularly impressive with its crown-like headdress.[64]

  • A formal Banat Bulgarian female costume dating to the 19th century

  • Historia Domus, the earliest chronicle of the Banat Bulgarians

  • Liturgy in the Bulgarian church in Dudeștii Vechi

Notable figures

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Иванова, Говорът и книжовноезиковата практика на българите-католици от сръбски Банат.
  3. ↑ http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 23.
  10. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 92.
  11. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 22-23, 56-57, 79.
  12. ↑ ЦДА, ф. 176к, оп. 8, а.е. 1014.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Also including other Bulgarian communities in Romania, accounting for around 10% of that number. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Ivanciov, Istorijata i tradicijite na balgarskotu malcinstvu ud Rumanija.
  20. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 19-20.
  21. ↑ Милетич, Изследвания за българите в Седмиградско и Банат, p. 243.
  22. ↑ According to the earliest entries in the local birth and wedding records. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 20-21.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 22.
  26. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 27-30.
  27. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 30.
  28. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 56.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 70.
  31. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 75.
  32. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 78.
  33. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 80.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Нягулов, "Ново етно-културно възраждане в Банат", Банатските българи, pp. 141-195.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 230.
  38. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 196-200.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 82-83.
  41. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 84.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Нягулов, "Банатските българи в България", Банатските българи, pp. 87-142.
  44. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 252-258.
  45. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 263-265.
  46. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 286-287.
  47. ↑ ЦДА, ф. 166к, оп. 1, а.е. 503, л. 130-130а.
  48. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 295.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 294-295, p. 302.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 305-306.
  53. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 312-316.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Стойков, Банатски говор.
  55. ↑ Etymology from Gaberoff Koral German Dictionary (German), MTA SZTAKI (Hungarian), Serbian-English Dictionary (Serbo-Croatian) and Dictionare.com (Romanian).
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 27.
  57. ↑ See Sveta ud pukraj námu posts #127 and #128 for the words in use. Etymology from Seslisozluk.com (Turkish) and Kypros.org Lexicon (Greek).
  58. ↑ For another example, see Náša glás of 1 March 2007, p. 6.
  59. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 11.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 32-37.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 348-354, 359-366.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

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External links

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