Battle of Van Buren

The Battle of Van Buren was a battle of the American Civil War fought on December 28, 1862, that resulted in a Union victory that secured northwest Arkansas for the Union.

Strategic situation

Following the Battle of Prairie Grove, on 7 December 1682, the victorious Union Generals James G. Blunt and Francis Herron pressed their prusuit of Major General Thomas C. Hindman's 1st Corps, Army of the Trans-Mississippi across the Boston Mountains to the Arkansas River port city of Van Buren, in Crawford County, Arkansas.

Maneuvering to battle

Following the Battle of Prairie Grove, December 7, 1862, General Thomas C. Hindman withdrew under cover of darkness back towards Van Buren, Arkansas. The Confederates reached Van Buren on 10 December, demoralized, footsore, and ragged. Hindman immediately began reorganizing his forces. Hindman found it impossible to forage General John S. Marmaduke’s Cavalry Division in Northwest Arkansas, and so Marmaduke was ordered to move his command to Lewisburg, 100 miles (160 km) below Van Buren. Hindman's force was thus reduced and continuing to diminish in strength daily due to desertions and a frightful increase of sickness, the latter caused by unprecedented hardships that the men were exposed during the retreat from Prairie Grove. Hindman decided that it was inadvisable to keep the main body of his army on the north side of the Arkansas River and moved it to the south side, with most going into camp in the vicinity of Fort Smith, Arkansas. One infantry regiment from General Fagan's brigade with a section of West's Arkansas Artillery, remained at Van Buren, and one regiment of cavalry, under Lieut. Col. R.P. Crump, was posted at Dripping Springs, 9 miles (14 km) to the north of Van Buren. Crumps force was instructed to picket at Oliver’s 19 miles (31 km) north, and at corresponding points on all other roads leading toward the Northwest.

On December 28, at 10 a.m., Lieutenant-Colonel Crump reported by courier that Union forces were advancing on the Cove Creek road in heavy force of cavalry, infantry and artillery. A few minutes afterward, Brigadier General Cooper, who was at Scullyville, in the Choctaw Nation, 15 miles (24 km) from Fort Smith, reported by courier that a Federal cavalry force of three or four regiments, with artillery, under Colonel Phillips, had crossed to the south side of the river, at Fort Gibson, the preceding day. Immediately after, information was received by telegraph from a detachment of cavalry posted at Borland’s, 35 miles (56 km) below Van Buren, on the north side of the Arkansas River, covering the roads from Fayetteville to Ozark and Clarksville, that a regiment of Federal cavalry was within 20 miles (32 km) of that position, moving south. General Fagan’s brigade was on the march 25 miles (40 km) below Van Buren. Colonel Frost’s was 10 miles (16 km) below Van Buren and Colonel Shaver’s brigade, less than 1,000 strong, with one battery, was in camp 2 miles (3.2 km) below Van Buren.

General Cooper was ordered to retire southward upon his depots of supplies, the nearest of which was Johnson’s Station, on the Canadian, about 90 miles (140 km) from Fort Smith. Shaver’s brigade was put under arms, and moved forward to the river opposite Van Buren. Frost was ordered back to Shaver’s position, detaching enough artillery and infantry to hold the crossing at Strain’s, 6 miles (9.7 km) below Van Buren; and orders were given to remove by boat and wagon, as rapidly as possible, the public property at Van Buren and Fort Smith. At the same time General Hindman telegraphed General Marmaduke, at Lewisburg, to move northward and strike the enemy in flank and rear.

The battle

At 11.05, one hour and five minutes after Hindman received the first notice of the Federal advance, the Federal cavalry and light artillery were in Van Buren. As they approached the landing, West’s battery, of Shaver’s brigade, drove them back, killing and wounding several. Skirmishing continued there till nearly sunset, when the Federal infantry appeared, and two batteries of heavy rifled pieces opened from the commanding heights in and above the town. Meanwhile a cavalry force pursued and captured Colonel Crump’s train and part of a train laden with supplies for the wounded at Cane Hill, and also captured three steamboats, the Notre, which had grounded on a bar 1 mile below Van Buren, the Key West and Rose Douglass, which had been ordered down, but had stopped for some cause unknown on the south side of the river, opposite Strain’s Landing. This was before there was time for Frost’s detachment to reach that point. The steamers Eva and Arkansas, being still above Van Buren, were burned on Hindman's orders, after transferring to wagons all their freight for which transportation was available.

About dark, artillery firing commenced at Strain’s Landing, between Frost’s detachment, posted there, and a Federal force on the opposite side, having field pieces of large caliber. It continued for two hours, until the Federal forces retired.

The aftermath

Hindman removed all the public stores from Van Buren and Fort Smith for which he had transportation. Hindman reported that his whole force at the time of the Battle of Van Buren did not exceed 4,000. He believed that Federal Forces in and near Van Buren was not less than 7,000. With Federal Cavalry moving on both his flanks, Hindman determined to move his command southward, cross the river near Clarksville, unite with General Fagan's Brigade, and there take position. While Confederate Forces held on to Fort Smith through the summer of 1863, Hindman's retreat marked the last major Confederate effort to contest northwest Arkansas. Following the Prairie Grove Campaign, Northwest Arkansas became a virtual no-mans land. While the area would see cavalry raids, bushwacking and guerillia war for several years, including well after the formal end of the war, no large Confederate Army would ever again enter this area of the state.

See also

• Book:Arkansas Confederate Infantry Units
• Book:Arkansas Confederates, The Cavalry and Artillery Units
• List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units
• Lists of American Civil War Regiments by State
• Confederate Units by State
• Arkansas in the American Civil War
• Arkansas Militia in the Civil War

Further reading

• Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove. University of Arkansas Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-55-728591-1
• Smith, Ronald D. (2008). Thomas Ewing Jr., Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General. Columbia:University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-82-621806-3. pp. 181–183.
• Castel, Albert, (1958). A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861-1865. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
• Shea, William L. (2009). Fields of Blood: The Prairie Grove Campaign. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-80-783315-5.
• Hatcher, Richard W.; Hess, Earl J.; Piston, William G.; Shea, William L. (2006). Wilson's Creek, Pea Ridge, and Prairie Grove: A Battlefield Guide, with a Section on Wire Road. Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-80-327366-5.

External links

• ”Battle of Prairie Grove: Civilian Recollections of the Civil War”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• Present-day photos of Prairie Grove battlefield from CivilWarAlbum.com
• Battle of Prairie Grove - Information and battlefield pictures
• Community & Conflict: The Impact of the Civil War In the Ozarks
• Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Home Page
• The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
• The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
•  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, National Park Service".