Bay Mills Indian Community
| Bay Mills Indian Community | |||
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| Reservation | |||
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| Location of Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan Location of Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan |
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| Country | United States | ||
| State | Michigan | ||
| County | Chippewa County | ||
| Townships | Bay Mills Township Superior Township |
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| Land purchased | 1937 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governing body | General Tribal Council | ||
| Area[1] | |||
| • Total | 4.793 sq mi (12.41 km2) | ||
| Population (2000) | |||
| • Total | 812 | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| Website | Bay Mills Indian Community | ||
| Total area is divided into two separate parcels. Since 2000, the tribe has purchased an additional 3,494 acres (5.46 sq mi; 14.14 km²) | |||
The Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC), known in Ojibwe as Gnoozhekaaning (Place of the Pike), is an Indian reservation forming the land base of one of the many Sault Ste. Marie bands of Chippewa (aka Ojibwa) Indians. The largest section of the reservation is located in Chippewa County, Michigan, approximately 15 miles (25 km) west-southwest of Sault Ste. Marie; it has land in both Bay Mills and Superior townships. A smaller section lies southeast of Sault Ste. Marie and encompasses Sugar Island, all contained within the Sugar Island Township.
History
The Ojibwa were a large tribe with numerous bands who occupied territory around the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, in what are now Canada and the United States (where they have been known as Chippewa).
Numerous bands have historically occupied areas around Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Ontario, with the city long established during the colonial era as a French and then British fur trading post. This gradually developed as a settled community, cosmopolitan in its varied cultures. In the 19th century, the Ojibwa/Chippewa bands in Michigan were forced to cede large amounts of territory, and many bands became landless. They persisted in maintaining their cultural communities.
Bay Mills people are Ojibwa or Chippewa who have lived for hundreds of years around the Whitefish Bay, the falls of the St. Marys River and the bluffs overlooking Tahquamenon Bay, all on Lake Superior and southwest of Sault Ste. Marie. The Bay Mills Indian Community was officially established by an Act of Congress on June 19, 1860.[2]
After passage of the federal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC) created a new form of government under a written constitution, adopted on November 27, 1937. This was approved and recognized by the federal government, which purchased land for the community to establish a reservation land base. Its territory was one of the four reservations established in Michigan under the 1934 act.[2] These lands, along with the original Bay Mills Mission and a small area on Sugar Island, occupied by its people at least since the late 18th century, comprise the majority of the current reservation land holdings in Chippewa County.[2]
In 1966, BMCI was one of the four founding members of the Inter-Tribal Michigan Indian Council, established to share their developments and to improve relations of tribes with the state and federal governments. Other founding members were the Keweenaw Potawatomie Indian Community, Hannahville Indian Community, and the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe. The Council now represents 11 of the 12 federally recognized tribes in Michigan.
Reservation
The area within the reservation boundaries is in U.S. trust status and is divided into two separate areas. As of the 2000 census the majority of the land base, 3.761 square miles (9.74 km2), lies northwest of Brimley, Michigan, in the eastern parts of Bay Mills and Superior townships, while the remainder, 1.032 square miles (2.674 km² or 660.67 acres), lies on Sugar Island in the St. Marys River southeast of Sault Ste. Marie. Its total land area at the time of organization in 1937 was 4.793 square miles (12.41 km2), on which a population of 812 persons resided.
Since the late 20th century, the Tribe has obtained additional land, increasing the land base to approximately 3,494 acres (5.46 sq mi; 14.14 km²), of which 3,109 acres (4.86 sq mi; 12.58 km²) are held in trust by the federal government.
Government
The BMIC consists of approximately 1,309 enrolled members. It is governed by the General Tribal Council, which consists of all voting-age members of the tribe. Daily decisions are made by the Executive Council, which consists of five elected officials (president, vice-president, treasurer, secretary, councilman).
The tribe operates Bay Mills Community College, an accredited tribal college.
Economy
Following changes in state and national laws to allow gaming casinos of tribal reservations, in the mid-1990s, the tribe started working with casino syndicator Michael J. Malik, Sr. and Detroit businesswoman Marian Ilitch to develop a casino. It wanted to generate jobs and revenue for reinvestment in education and welfare of tribal members. Originally Malik and partners had proposed that the tribe, in partnership with Harrah's, build a casino in the area of Downtown Detroit referred to as Foxtown. In 1996 Michigan voters narrowly approved a ballot measure permitting three larger commercial casinos in Detroit, which would have provided too much competition.
For almost a decade BMCI and its partners worked to pursue land claims in the Hay Lake/Charlotte Beach area on the eastern shores of Michigan's northern peninsula, believing that it had been denied adequate compensation from the federal government for lands it was forced to cede in the 19th century. BCMI wanted to trade such land in settlement agreements with the government for potentially more lucrative casino sites closer to population centers, such as Port Huron or elsewhere. BCMI representatives testified in hearings in Congress on this proposal in 2004.[3]
The voters of Port Huron approved the proposal for Bay Mills casino in 2001. While the agreements were signed by the Governor of Michigan and approved by the legislature, they stalled in Congress. Representative Candice Miller (MI-10th) has introduced HR. 831 and Michigan Senator Debbie Stabenow had previously introduced S.2986 to support this project.
The tribe later gained approval for a land deal at Brimley, Michigan, on Waiska Bay west of Sault Ste. Marie. Its Bay Mills Resort & Casino has 17,000 sq feet of casino space with 695 slots and 13 table games, 3 restaurants and 144-room hotel.[4]
References
- ↑ Bay Mills Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Michigan United States Census Bureau
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Bay Mills Indian Community", Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan Indians, 2012
- ↑ "The Case for Land Claims Settlement:" Testimony before House Resources Committee, June 2004
- ↑ Bay Mills Resort & Casino, 500 Nations website, 1999-2015
External links
- Bay Mills Indian Community
- Bay Mills News
- Constitution and Bylaws, Bay Mills Official Website, dead link
- EPA information (a portion of this article is based on this public domain information)
- Bay Mills Indian Community: Historical background, ITCMI
- "The Case for Land Claims Settlement:" Testimony before House Resources Committee, June 2004
- Native Americans in Michigan Databases, Mainly Michigan website, includes "Durant Roll of 1908" and "Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)"
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 Native American Tribes in Michigan |
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