Bitumen of Judea
Bitumen of Judea, or Syrian asphalt,[1] is a naturally occurring asphalt that has been put to many uses since ancient times.[vague] It is a light-sensitive material in what is accepted to be the first complete photographic process, i.e., one capable of producing durable light-fast results.[2] The technique was developed by French scientist and inventor Nicéphore Niépce in the 1820s. In 1826 or 1827,[citation needed] he applied a thin coating of the tar-like material to a pewter plate and took a picture of parts of the buildings and surrounding countryside of his estate, producing what is usually described as the first photograph. It is considered to be the oldest known surviving photograph made in a camera. The plate was exposed in the camera for at least eight hours. [3]
The bitumen, initially soluble in spirits and oils, was hardened and made insoluble (probably polymerized)[improper synthesis?] in the brightest areas of the image. The unhardened part was then rinsed away with a solvent.[3][4][5]
Niépce's primary objective was a photoengraving or photolithography process, and bitumen, superbly resistant to strong acids, was in fact later widely used as a photoresist in making printing plates for mechanical printing processes.[citation needed] The surface of a zinc or other metal plate was coated, exposed, developed with a solvent that laid bare the unexposed areas, then etched in an acid bath, producing the required surface relief.[6][not in citation given]
References
- ↑ History of Polymeric Composites, edited by Raymond Benedict Seymour, Rudolph D. Deanin, p319[dead link]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Niépce Museum history pages Archived August 3, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Hirsch, Robert. Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Print.
- ↑ Beaumont Newhall, "The History of Photography," 2001, p 14. ISBN 0-87070-381-1
View from the Window at Le Gras
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