Boeing 727

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Boeing 727
Boeing 727-2S7 Advanced Champion LAX.jpg
Champion Air Boeing 727-200 Advanced
Role Narrow-body jet airliner
National origin United States
Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flight February 9, 1963
Introduction February 1, 1964 with Eastern Airlines
Status In limited service for cargo and private transport
Primary users Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter
Champion Air (historical)
Kalitta Charters
Iran Aseman Airlines
Produced 1963–1984
Number built 1,832[1]
Unit cost
$4.25 million initially, $22 million by 1982

The Boeing 727 is a mid-size narrow-body three-engine jet aircraft built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from the early 1960s to 1984.[1] It can carry 149 to 189 passengers and later models can fly up to 2,700 nautical miles (5,000 km) nonstop. Intended for short and medium-length flights, the 727 can use fairly short runways at smaller airports. It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines below the T-tail, one on each side of the rear fuselage with a center engine that connects through an S-duct to an inlet at the base of the fin. The 727 is Boeing's only tri-jet aircraft.

The 727 followed the 707, a quad-jet airliner, with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design. The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964; the stretched 727-200 flew in July 1967 and entered service with Northeast Airlines that December. The 727 became a mainstay of airlines' domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes. Passenger, freighter, and convertible versions of the 727 were built.

The 727 was heavily produced into the 1970s; the last 727 was completed in 1984. As of July 2013, a total of 109 Boeing 727s (5× 727-100s and 104× -200s) were in commercial service with 34 airlines.[2] Airport noise regulations have led to 727s being equipped with hush kits.

Development

The Boeing 727 design was a compromise among United Airlines, American Airlines, and Eastern Air Lines requirements for a jet airliner to serve smaller cities with shorter runways and fewer passengers.[3] United Airlines wanted a four-engine aircraft for its flights to high-altitude airports, especially its hub at Stapleton International Airport at Denver, Colorado.[3] American, which was operating the four-engine Boeing 707 and Boeing 720, wanted a twin-engine aircraft for efficiency. Eastern wanted a third engine for its overwater flights to the Caribbean, since at that time twin-engine commercial flights were limited by regulations to routes with 60-minute maximum flying time to an airport (see ETOPS/LROPS). Eventually the airlines agreed on a trijet.[3]

Production of the 727

In 1959 Lord Douglas, chairman of British European Airways (BEA), suggested that Boeing and de Havilland Aircraft Company (later Hawker Siddeley) work together on their trijet designs, the 727 and D.H.121 Trident, respectively.[4] The two designs had a similar layout, the 727 being slightly larger. At that time Boeing intended to use three Allison AR963 turbofan engines, license-built versions of the Rolls-Royce RB163 Spey used by the Trident.[5][6] Boeing and de Havilland each sent engineers to the other company's locations to evaluate each other's designs, but Boeing eventually decided against the joint venture.[7] De Havilland had wanted Boeing to license-build the D.H.121, while Boeing felt that the aircraft needed to be designed for the American market, with six-abreast seating and the ability to use runways as short as 4,500 ft.[8]

In 1960 Pratt & Whitney was looking for a customer for its new JT8D turbofan design study, based on its J52 (JT8A) turbojet,[9] while United and Eastern were interested in a Pratt & Whitney alternative to the RB163 Spey.[10] Once Pratt & Whitney agreed to go ahead with development of the JT8D, Eddie Rickenbacker, Chairman of the Board of Eastern, told Boeing that the airline preferred the JT8D for its 727s. Boeing had not offered the JT8D as it was about 1,000 lbs heavier than the RB163, though slightly more powerful; the RB163 was also further along in development than the JT8D. Boeing reluctantly agreed to offer the JT8D as an option on the 727 and it later became the sole powerplant.[11]

With high-lift devices[12] on its wing the 727 could use shorter runways than most earlier jets (e.g. the 4800-ft runway at Key West).

Later 727 models were stretched to carry more passengers[13] and replaced earlier jet airliners such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 as well as aging prop airliners such as the DC-4, DC-6, DC-7 and the Lockheed Constellations on short- and medium-haul routes.

For over a decade more 727s were built per year than any other jet airliner; in 1984 production ended with 1,832 built[1] with 1,831 delivered, the highest total for any jet airliner until the 737 surpassed it in the early 1990s.[14]

Design

Tail section of a Pan Am Boeing 727

The airliner's middle engine (engine 2) at the very rear of the fuselage gets air from an inlet ahead of the vertical fin through an S-shaped duct.[15] This S-duct proved to be troublesome in that flow distortion in the duct induced a surge in the centerline engine on the take-off of the first flight of the 727-100.[16] This was fixed by the addition of several large vortex generators in the inside of the first bend of the duct.

The 727 was designed for smaller airports, so independence from ground facilities was an important requirement. This led to one of the 727's most distinctive features: the built-in airstair that opens from the rear underbelly of the fuselage, which initially could be opened in flight.[12] Hijacker D. B. Cooper parachuted from the back of a 727 as it was flying over the Pacific Northwest. Boeing subsequently modified the design with the Cooper vane so that the airstair could not be lowered in flight.[17] Another innovation was the auxiliary power unit (APU), which allowed electrical and air-conditioning systems to run independently of a ground-based power supply, and without having to start one of the main engines. An unusual design feature is that the APU is mounted in a hole in the keel beam web, in the main landing gear bay.[16] The 727 is equipped with a retractable tail skid that is designed to protect the aircraft in the event of an over-rotation on takeoff. The 727's fuselage has an outer diameter of 148 inches (3.8 m). This allows six-abreast seating (three per side) and a single aisle when 18-inch (46 cm) wide coach-class seats are installed. An unusual feature of the fuselage is the 10-inch (25 cm) difference between the lower lobe forward and aft of the wing as the higher fuselage height of the center section was simply retained towards the rear.

Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano 727-200 at Jorge Wilstermann Airport. The rear air stairs are visible at the 727's tail.

Nose wheel brakes were available as an option to reduce braking distance on landing, which provided reductions in braking distances of up to 150 m.[18]

The 727 proved to be such a reliable and versatile airliner that it came to form the core of many startup airlines' fleets. The 727 was successful with airlines worldwide partly because it could use smaller runways while still flying medium-range routes. This allowed airlines to carry passengers from cities with large populations but smaller airports to worldwide tourist destinations. One of the features that gave the 727 its ability to land on shorter runways was its clean wing design.[12] With no wing-mounted engines, leading-edge devices (Krueger, or hinged, flaps on the inner wing and extendable leading edge slats out to the wingtip) and trailing-edge lift enhancement equipment (triple-slotted,[19] aft-moving flaps) could be used on the entire wing. Together these high-lift devices produced a maximum wing lift coefficient of 3.0 (based on the flap-retracted wing area).[16] The 727 was stable at very low speeds compared to other early jets, but some domestic carriers learned after review of various accidents that the 40-degree flaps setting could result in a higher-than-desired sink rate or a stall on final approach. These carriers' Pilots' Operation Handbooks disallowed using more than 30 degrees of flaps on the 727, even going so far as installing plates on the flap slot to prevent selection of more than 30 degrees of flaps.

Noise

The 727 is one of the noisiest commercial jetliners, categorized as Stage 2 by the U.S. Noise Control Act of 1972, which mandated the gradual introduction of quieter Stage 3 aircraft. The 727's JT8D jet engines use older low-bypass turbofan technology, whereas Stage 3 aircraft utilize the more efficient and quieter high-bypass turbofan design. When the Stage 3 requirement was being proposed, Boeing engineers analyzed the possibility of incorporating quieter engines on the 727. They determined that the JT8D-200 engine could be used on the two side-mounted pylons, but the structural changes to fit the larger-diameter engine (49.2 inches (125 cm) fan diameter in the JT8D-200 compared to 39.9 inches (101 cm) in the JT8D-7) into the fuselage at the number two engine location were prohibitive.

A Lufthansa Boeing 727–100 approaching London Heathrow Airport, 1978.

Current regulations require that a 727 in commercial service must be retrofitted with a hush kit to reduce engine noise to Stage 3 levels. One such hush kit is offered by FedEx,[20] and has been purchased by over 60 customers.[21] Aftermarket winglet kits, originally developed by Valsan Partners and later marketed by Quiet Wing Corp.[22] have been installed on many 727s to reduce noise at lower speeds, as well as to reduce fuel consumption. Kelowna Flightcraft's maintenance division in Canada has installed winglets on Donald Trump's private 727-100. In addition, Raisbeck Engineering developed packages to enable 727s to meet the Stage 3 noise requirements. These packages managed to get light- and medium-weight 727s to meet Stage 3 with simple changes to the flap and slat schedules. For heavier-weight 727s, exhaust mixers must be added to meet Stage 3.[22] American Airlines ordered and took delivery of 52 Raisbeck 727 Stage 3 systems. Other customers included TWA, Pan Am, Air Algérie, TAME and many smaller airlines.[23][24]

From September 1, 2010, 727 jetliners (including those with a hush kit) are banned from some Australian airports due to noise.[25]

Operational history

In addition to domestic flights of medium range, the 727 was popular with international passenger airlines.[13] The range of flights it could cover (and the additional safety added by the third engine) meant that the 727 proved efficient for short- to medium-range international flights in areas around the world. Prior to its introduction, four-engine jets or propeller-driven airliners were required for transoceanic service.

Interior close-up photo of the cockpit area of a flight simulator for a Boeing 727 at the Pan Am International Flight Academy

The 727 also proved popular with cargo airlines and charter airlines. FedEx Express introduced 727s in 1978.[26] 727s were the backbone of its fleet until the 2000s; FedEx began replacing them with Boeing 757s in 2007.[26] Many cargo airlines worldwide employ the 727 as a workhorse, since, as it is being phased out of U.S. domestic service due to noise regulations, it becomes available to overseas users in areas where such noise regulations have not yet been instituted. Charter airlines Sun Country, Champion Air, and Ryan International Airlines all started with 727 aircraft.

A FedEx Express 727-233, departs Portland International Airport

The 727 saw some military use as well. Since the aft stair could be opened in flight, the Central Intelligence Agency used them to drop agents and supplies behind enemy lines in Vietnam.[27]

The 727 has proven to be popular where the airline serves airports with gravel, or otherwise lightly improved runways. The Canadian airline First Air, for example, previously used a 727-100C to service the communities of Resolute Bay and Arctic Bay in Nunavut, whose Resolute Bay Airport and former Nanisivik Airport both have gravel runways. The high mounted engines greatly reduce the risk of foreign object damage.

According to the Boeing Jetliner Databook, the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System, also known as 'Con Air', currently uses four 727 aircraft to transport persons in legal custody between prisons, detaining centers, courthouses, and other places to where they must be transported

A military version, the Boeing C-22 was operated as a medium-range transport aircraft by the Air National Guard and National Guard Bureau to airlift personnel. A total of three C-22Bs were in use, all assigned to the 201st Airlift Squadron, District of Columbia Air National Guard.[28]

A Boeing 727-200 Freighter of Amerijet International with opened cargo door at Miami International Airport, 1998.

At the start of the 21st century, the 727 remained in service with a few large airlines. Faced with higher fuel costs, lower passenger volumes due to the post-9/11 economic climate, increasing restrictions on airport noise, and the extra expenses of maintaining older planes and paying flight engineers' salaries, most major airlines phased out their 727s; they were replaced by twin-engine aircraft, which are quieter, and more fuel-efficient. Modern airliners also have a smaller flight deck crew of two pilots, while the 727 required two pilots and a flight engineer. Delta Air Lines, the last major U.S. carrier to do so, retired its last 727 from scheduled service in April 2003. Northwest Airlines retired its last 727 from charter service in June 2003. The 727 is still flying for some smaller start-up airlines, cargo airlines, and charter airlines. Many airlines replaced their 727s with either the 737-800 or the Airbus A320; both are closer in size to the 727-200. As of July 2013, a total of 109 Boeing 727s (5× 727-100s and 104× -200s) were in commercial service with 34 airlines.[2]

Variants

TAP Portugal 727-100

Data from:Boeing Aircraft since 1916[29]

There are two series of 727; the initial 100 (originally only two figures as in −30) was launched in 1960 and entered service in February 1964. The 727-200 series was launched in 1965 and entered service in December 1967.

727-100

The first 727- 100 flew on February 9, 1963 and FAA type approval was awarded on December 24 of that year, with initial delivery to United Airlines on October 29, 1963, to allow pilot training to commence. The first 727 passenger service was flown by Eastern Air Lines on February 1, 1964, between Miami, Florida, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A total of 571 Boeing 727-00/100 series aircraft were delivered (407 -100s, 53 -100Cs, and 111 -100QCs), the last in October 1972. One 727-100 was retained by Boeing, bringing total production to 572.[30]

The −100 designation is a retroactive one to distinguish the original short-body version. Aircraft for United Airlines were delivered as 727-22, for American Airlines as 727-23 and so on — not -122 and -123 — and retained these designations even after the advent of the 727-200.

727-100C

Convertible passenger cargo version. Additional freight door and strengthened floor and floor beams. Three alternate fits:

  • 94 mixed-class passengers
  • 52 mixed-class passengers and four cargo pallets (22,700 pounds; 10,300 kg)
  • Eight cargo pallets (38,000 pounds; 17,000 kg)
727-100QC

QC stands for Quick Change. This is similar to the Convertible version with a roller-bearing floor for palletised galley and seating and/or cargo to allow much faster changeover time (30 minutes).

727-100QF

QF stands for Quiet Freighter. A cargo conversion for United Parcel Service, re-engined with Stage III-compliant Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans.

Boeing C-22A
A single 727-30 acquired from the Federal Aviation Administration, which was originally delivered to Lufthansa. This aircraft served mostly with United States Southern Command flying from Panama City / Howard Air Force Base.
Boeing C-22B
Four 727-35 aircraft acquired from National Airlines by the United States Air Force (USAF) for transporting Air National Guard and National Guard personnel.

727-200

Delta Air Lines 727-200
Boeing 727-200F from Líneas Aéreas Suramericanas.

Stretched version of the 727-100. The -200 is 20 feet (6.1 m) longer (153 feet 2 inches;46.69 m) than the −100 (133 feet 2 inches;40.59 m). A ten-foot (3-meter) fuselage section ("plug") was added in front of the wings and another ten-foot fuselage section was added behind them. The wing span and height remain the same on both the −100 and −200 (108 and 34 feet (33 and 10 m), respectively). The original 727-200 had the same max gross weight as the 727-100; however, as the aircraft evolved, a series of higher gross weights and more powerful engines was introduced along with other improvements, and, from line number 881, 727-200s are dubbed −200 Advanced. The aircraft gross weight eventually increased from 169,000 to 209,500 pounds (76,700 to 95,000 kg) for the latest versions. The dorsal intake of the number two engine was also redesigned to be round in shape, rather than oval as it was on the 100 series.

The first 727-200 flew on July 27, 1967 and received FAA certification on November 30, 1967. The first delivery was made on December 14, 1967 to Northeast Airlines. A total of 310 727-200s were delivered before giving way to the 727-200Adv in 1972.

727-200C

Convertible passenger cargo version. One was built.

Syrian Air 727-200Adv
A Kalitta Charters II 727-200, parked at LEX airport, Lexington. Kentucky
727-200 Advanced

MTOW and range increased. Also, cabin improvements.

727-200F Advanced

A freighter version of the 727-200 Advanced became available in 1981 designated the Series 200F Advanced powered by the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-17A engines and featured a strengthened fuselage structure, an 11 ft 2 inch by 7 ft 2 inch forward main deck freight door and a windowless cabin. This was the last production variant of the 727 to be developed by Boeing, and 15 aircraft were built, all for Federal Express; the last 727 aircraft completed by Boeing was a 727-200F Advanced.

Super 27

Speed increased by 50 mph (80 km/h), due to replacement of the two side engines with the JT8D-217 or the JT8D-219, which are also found on many MD-80s, along with the addition of hush kits to the center engine. Winglets were added to some of these aircraft to increase fuel efficiency. This modification was originally developed by Valsan Partners, but was later marketed by Quiet Wing Technologies in Redmond, Washington.[31]

Boeing C-22C
A single 727-212 aircraft operated by the USAF

Operators

A DHL 727-200F freighter at San Diego
A Boeing 727-100 at Jorge Chávez International Airport in the revived Nuevo Continente livery (October 2004)

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Main article: List of Boeing 727 operators

As of June 2013, 188 Boeing 727 aircraft (all variants) are in commercial airline, private, and government service. Most airlines have small numbers but the following operate five or more aircraft:.[32]

Government, military, and other operators

In addition, the 727 has seen sporadic government use, having flown for the Belgian, Yugoslavian, Mexican, New Zealand, and Panama air forces, among the small group of government agencies that have used it. The United States military used the 727 as a military transport, designated as the C-22.

 Afghanistan
 Benin
 Bolivia
 Burkina Faso
 Colombia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Djibouti
 Ecuador
 Iraq
 Mexico
 Mongolia

Specifications

A comparison of the different 727 variants
727-100
(Passenger)		 727-200 727-200 Advanced
Seating capacity 131[36] passengers (one-class, maximum) 189 passengers (one-class)

145 passengers (two-class)
Cargo capacity
Crew 3 flight crew plus ca. 4 cabin crew
Total length 133 ft 2 in (40.59 m) 153 ft 2 in (46.69 m)
Cabin width 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
Wingspan 108 ft 0 in (32.92 m)
Wing area 1,650 sq ft (153 m2)
Tail height 34 ft 0 in (10.36 m)
Maximum Takeoff Weight
(MTOW) *		 170,000 lb (77,000 kg) 184,800 lb (83,800 kg) 209,500 lb (95,000 kg)
Operating empty weight 80,602 lb (36,560 kg) 98,400 lb (44,600 kg) 102,900 lb (46,700 kg)
Max. fuel capacity 7,680 US gal (29,100 L) 8,090 US gal (30,600 L) 8,090 US gal (30,600 L) (Standard)
10,520 US gal (39,800 L) (optional)
Take-off distance at MTOW[37] 8,300 ft (2,500 m) 10,000 ft (3,000 m) 8,500 ft (2,600 m)
Max range[37]
(with full load)		 2,300 nmi (4,300 km) 1,700 nmi (3,100 km) 1,900 nmi (3,500 km) (Standard)
2,600 nmi (4,800 km) (Optional)
Max cruise speed Mach 0.9
Typical cruise speed 540 mph (470 kn)
Service ceiling 36,100 ft (11,000 m) 42,000 ft (13,000 m) 42,000 ft (13,000 m)
Rate of climb 2,940 ft/min (14.9 m/s)
Engines (3x) Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1
14,000 lbf (62 kN) thrust each		 Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9
14,500 lbf (64 kN) thrust each		 Pratt & Whitney JT8D-17R
17,400 lbf (77 kN) thrust each

Sources: Boeing Aircraft since 1916,[29] Airport report[38]

Accidents and incidents

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Main article: List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727

As of July 2015, a total of 336 incidents involving 727s had occurred, including 118 hull-loss accidents[39] resulting in a total of 4,209 fatalities. The 727 has also been in 178 hijackings involving 345 fatalities.[40]

Orders and deliveries

Year Total 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960
Orders 1,831 1 11 38 68 98 125 133 113 50 88 92 119 26 48 64 66 125 149 187 83 20 10 37 80
Deliveries 1,831 8 11 26 94 131 136 118 67 61 91 91 92 41 33 55 114 160 155 135 111 95 6

Source: Data from Boeing, through the end of production[41]

B727 Orders Deliveries.jpg

727 Model summary

Model Series Orders Deliveries
727-100 407 407
727-100C 164 164
727-200 1245 1245
727-200F 15 15
727 Total 1831 1831

Source: Boeing[42]

Aircraft on display

The following U.S. museums have Boeing 727s on display or in storage:

A Boeing 727 is also used as a meeting-room and eye-catcher for the communication bureau 727 in Stilling, Denmark. It can be seen from the motorway E45.

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2013 World Airliner Census", p. 49.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Connors, p. 355.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Connors, p. 357.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Connors, pp. 348–349.
  10. ↑ Connors, p. 350.
  11. ↑ Connors, p. 352.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Eden, Paul. (Ed). Civil Aircraft Today. 2008: Amber Books, pp. 72–3.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Eden 2008, pp. 74–5.
  14. ↑ Norris and Wagner. Modern Boeing Jetliners, pp. 12–3. Motorbooks International, 1999.
  15. ↑ "Boeing 727 series. Aircraft & Powerplant Corner."
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Case Study in Aircraft Design; the Boeing 727, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Professional Study Series, September 1978.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lufthansa. Operating Manual Boeing 727, pp. 1.4.32-1, 4.3.4-2.
  19. ↑ Boeing: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/727family/index.html
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ James Raisbeck: Breathing New Technology into Aviation Retrieved July 25, 2011
  24. ↑ Boeing 727 Stage 3 Noise Reduction Kits Retrieved July 25, 2011
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Himmelsbach & Worcester 1986, p. 43.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Airclaims Jet Programs 1995
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/5d48fc77a31b7f6985256722006b0c1c/$FILE/A3we.pdf
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 727 Document D6-58324 Chapter 3 (Revision C, April 1985)
  38. ↑ http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/727.pdf
  39. ↑ "Boeing 727 Accident summary", Aviation-Safety.net, May 5, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  40. ↑ "Boeing 727 Accident Statistics", Aviation-Safety.net, December 3, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • "World Airliner Census". Flight International, Volume 184, Number 5403, 13–19 August 2013, pp. 40–58.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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