Bolivians

This article is about the people from Bolivia as an ethnic group and nation. For information on the population of Bolivia, see Demographics of Bolivia. For other uses, see Bolivian.

Bolivians
Bolivianos

Flag of Bolivia
Total population
(12 million +)
Regions with significant populations
Bolivia 10,907,778
Argentina	+ 1,000,000
Brazil	550,000
Spain	163,553
United States	99,296
Chile	31,313
Languages
Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and others (mainly Indigenous)
Religion
Predominantly Christian: Roman Catholic. Syncretism with native beliefs is widely practiced. Minorities (Baha'i, Mormon, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu)

Bolivians (Spanish: Bolivianos) are the people that inhabit the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Amerindians lived in what is now called Bolivia for several millennia before the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century. Spaniards and Africans arrived in steady numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples.

The Bolivian population, estimated at 10.9 million is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians and Africans. The main language spoken is Spanish, although the Guarani, Aymara and Quechua languages are also common and all three, as well as 34 other indigenous languages, are official. The many cultures in Bolivia have contributed greatly to a wide diversity in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

Ethnic groups

Ethnic composition
Indigenous-Native peoples self-identification ¹
Indigenous self-identification	60 %
None self-identification	40 %
Ethnic self-identification ²
Mestizo	68 %
Indigenous	18 %
White	7 %
Cholo	2 %
Afro Bolivian	1 %
Other	1 %
n/a	3 %
Notes: 1 = National Census of Population and Living 2001, National Statistics Institute of Bolivia (INE).
2 =

The ethnic composition of Bolivia includes a great diversity of cultures. Most of the indigenous peoples have assimilated a mestizo culture, diversifying and expanding their indigenous heritage. Consequently, there is in Bolivia a mix of cultures, which joins together Hispanic and Amerindian cultures.

The ethnic distribution of Bolivia is estimated to be 30% Quechua-speaking and 25% Aymara-speaking. The largest of the approximately three dozen native groups are the Quechuas (2.5 million), Aymaras (2 million), then Chiquitano (180,000), and Guaraní (125,000). So the full Amerindian population is at 55%; the remaining 30% are mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white), and around 15% are white.

Indigenous

Indigenous, also called "originarios" ("native" or "original") and, less frequently, Amerindians. This ethnic group is composed by the descendents of the Pre-Hispanic cultures. They can be Andean, as the Aymaras and Quechuas (which formed the ancient Inca Empire), which concentrate in the western departments of La Paz, Potosí, Oruro, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. There also is an important oriental ethnic population, composed by the Guaraní and Moxos, among others, and that inhabit the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Tarija and Pando. The indigenous people compose the 60% of the Bolivian population.

Mestizo

Mestizo are an ethnic mix of indigenous people and Europeans or Europeans descendants. They are distributed throughout the entire country and compose the 26% of the Bolivian population. Most people assume their mestizo identity while at the same time identifying themselves with one or more Indigenous cultures.

European

White Bolivians composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population in the 1900 census, the last official census that collected data of racial origin. Most people of European origin are second-generation descendants of criollos and Europeans or Arabs, coming mostly from Spain, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Lebanon and Turkey. They are usually concentrated in the largest cities — La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba — and in some minor cities like Tarija. In the Santa Cruz Department there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking Mennonites.

Black African

Afro Bolivians are descendants of African slaves, who arrived in the times of the Spanish Empire. They inhabit the department of La Paz and in the provinces of Nor Yungas and Sud Yungas.

Other

• Asians. Mainly Japanese (14.000), Chinese (4.600), Koreans and Lebanese.
• Other: There are small amounts of European citizens of Germany, France, Italy and Portugal, as well as coming from other American countries, as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, United States, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela, among others. There are important Peruvian colonies in La Paz, El Alto and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Bolivia is home to about 500 Jews, located mainly in the cities of La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Indigenous peoples

The Indigenous peoples of Bolivia are divided into two ethnic groups: the Andeans, who are in the Andean Altiplano and the valley region, and the ethnic culture of the oriental Llanos region, who inhabit the warm regions of eastern Bolivia (Gran Chaco).

• Andean ethnicities
  • Aymaras. They live on the high plateau of the departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí, as well as some small regions near the tropical flatlands.
  • Quechuas. They inhabit mostly the valleys on Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. They also inhabit some mountain regions in Potosí and Oruro. They divide themselves into quechua nations, as the Tarabucos, Ucumaris, Chalchas, Chaquies, Yralipes, Tirinas, among others.
• Ethnicities of the Oriental Llanos
  • Guaraníes. Formed by Guarayos, Pausernas, Sirionos, Chiriguanos, Wichí, Chulipis, Taipetes, Tobas and Yuquis.
  • Tacanas: Formed by Tacanas, Lecos, Ese Ejas, Araonas, Reyesanos and Maropas.
  • Panos: Formed by Chacobos, Caripunas, Sinabos, Capuibos and Guacanaguas.
  • Aruacos: Formed by Apolistas, Baures, Moxos, Chané, Movimas, Cayabayas, Carabecas, Paiconecas or Paucanacas.
  • Chapacuras: Formed by Itenez or More, Chapacuras, Sansinonianos, Canichanas, Itonamas, Yuracares, Guatoses and Chiquitos.
  • Botocudos: Formed by Bororos y Otuquis.
  • Zamucos: Formed by Ayoreos.

Macheteros

Main Indigenous and Afro Bolivan peoples from Bolivia

N°	Group	Population	%	N°	Group	Population	%
1	Quechua	1.558.277	15,54%	6	Afro Bolivian	22.000	0,22%
2	Aymara	1.098.317	10,95%	7	Movima	10.152	0,11%
3	Chiquitano	184.288	1,84%	8	Guarayo	9.863	0,10%
4	Guaraní	133.393	1,33%	9	Chiman	4.528	0,05%
5	Moxo	76.073	0,76%	10	Tacana	3.056	0,03%
Source: Wigberto Rivero Pinto (2006)

Religion

Aymara woman praying

Basílica Menor de San Lorenzo, in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Further information: Religion in Bolivia

The Roman Catholic church has a dominant religious presence in Bolivia. While a vast majority of Bolivians are Catholic Christians, a much smaller portion of the population participates actively. In the decades following the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the Church tried to make religion a more active force in social life.

A 2008 survey for Americas Barometer, with 3,003 respondents and an error (+/- 1,8%) returned these results:

Religion	Percentage	Notes
Catholic	81.6%
Evangelical	10.3%	Pentecostal, Non-Catholic Charismatic
No religion	3.3%	Secular, Atheist
Other Protestant	2.6%	Historic Protestant: Adventist, Baptist, Calvinist, Salvation Army, Lutheran, Methodist, Nazarene, Presbiterian
Mormon and Jehova's Witness	1.7%
Non-Christian	0.4%	Bahá'í Faith, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu
Traditional religions	0.1%	Native religions

Other reviews of the population vary from these specific results.

Culture

Traditional folk dress during a festival in Bolivia.

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Carnival of Oruro

Further information: Culture of Bolivia

Some cultural development of what is now Bolivia is divided into three distinct periods: pre-Columbian, colonial, and republican. Important archaeological ruins, gold and silver ornaments, stone monuments, ceramics, and weavings remain from several important pre-Columbian cultures. Major ruins include Tiwanaku, Samaipata, Inkallaqta and Iskanwaya. The country abounds in other sites that are difficult to reach and hardly explored by archaeologists.

The Spanish brought their own tradition of religious art which, in the hands of local indigenous and mestizo builders and artisans, developed into a rich and distinctive style of architecture, literature, and sculpture known as "Mestizo Baroque." The colonial period produced the paintings of Perez de Holguin, Flores, Bitti, and others, and also the works of skilled but unknown stonecutters, woodcarvers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths. An important body of native baroque religious music of the colonial period was recovered in recent years and has been performed internationally to wide acclaim since 1994. Bolivian artists of stature in the 20th century include, among others, Guzman de Rojas, Arturo Borda, María Luisa Pacheco, Master William Vega, Alfredo Da Silva, and Marina Núñez del Prado.

Dances

Many dances and songs contain elements from both the native and European cultures. Caporales seems to be the most popular Bolivian dance of present times — in a few decades it has developed into an enormously popular dance, not only in the Highlands where it originated, but also in the Lowlands and in Bolivian communities outside the country. In the Highlands, other traditional and still very popular dances are:

• Morenada
• Kullawada
• Diablada
• Ch'utas
• Waka waka
• Siklla (Wayra, Doctorcitos)
• Suri Sikuri
• Tinku
• Pukllay
• Tobas
• Awki awki
• Llamerada
• Cambitas
• Chacarera
• Afro-Bolivian Saya

In the Lowlands, there are:

• Macheteros
• Taquirari
• Chovena

Clothing

It is fashionable among Bolivian Andean women of indigenous descent to wear a skirt called a pollera. It was originally a Spanish peasant skirt that the colonial authorities forced indigenous women to wear. Now it is a symbol of pride in being indigenous and is considered a status symbol.

Another fashion is the bowler hat, which was adopted from the British. The position of the hat can indicate a woman's marital status and aspirations.

Cuisine

Main article: Bolivian cuisine

Bolivian cuisine stems mainly from the combination of Spanish cuisine with traditional native Bolivian ingredients, with later influences from Germans, Italians, Basques, Croats, Russians, and Poles, due to the arrival of immigrants from those countries.

The traditional staples of Bolivian cuisine are corn, potatoes, and beans. These ingredients have been combined with a number of staples brought by the Spanish, such as rice, wheat, and meat, such as beef, pork, and chicken

See also

• Demographics of Bolivia
• Health in Bolivia
• Peruvian people
• Ecuadorian people
• Latin Americans