Breton language

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Breton
Brezhoneg
Huelgoat Chaos mill.jpg
Bilingual sign Huelgoat, Brittany
Pronunciation [bʁeˈzõːnɛk]
Native to France
Region Brittany (including Loire-Atlantique)
Ethnicity Bretons
Native speakers
210,000 in Brittany (2007)[1]
16,000 in Île-de-France[2]
(Number includes students in bilingual education)[3]
Dialects Gwenedeg
Kerneveg
Leoneg
Tregerieg
Latin script
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated by Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg
Language codes
ISO 639-1 br
ISO 639-2 bre
ISO 639-3 Variously:
bre – Modern Breton
xbm – Middle Breton
obt – Old Breton
Linguist list
xbm Middle Breton
  obt Old Breton
Glottolog bret1244[4]
Linguasphere 50-ABB-b (varieties: 50-ABB-ba to -be)
Percentage of breton speakers in the breton countries in 2004.png
Regional distribution of Breton speakers (2004)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Breton /ˈbrɛtən/ (Brezhoneg IPA: [bʁe.ˈzõː.nɛk])[5] is a Celtic language spoken in Brittany (Breton: Breizh; French: Bretagne), France.

Breton is a Brythonic language brought from Great Britain to Armorica by migrating Britons during the Early Middle Ages; it is thus an Insular Celtic language and not closely related to the Gaulish language, which had been spoken in pre-Roman Gaul. Breton is most closely related to Cornish, both being Southwestern Brittonic languages. Welsh and the extinct Cumbric are the more distantly-related Brittonic languages.

The other regional language of Brittany, Gallo, is a langue d'oïl. It is a Romance language, thus ultimately descended from Latin, (unlike the similarly-named ancient Celtic language Gaulish) and consequently very close to French, although not mutually intelligible.

Having declined from more than 1 million speakers around 1950 to about 200,000 in the first decade of the 21st century, Breton is classified as "severely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. However, the number of children attending bilingual classes has risen 33 percent between 2006 and 2012 to 14,709.[3][6]

History and status

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Breton is spoken in Lower Brittany, roughly to the west of a line linking Plouha (west of Saint Brieuc) and La Roche-Bernard (east of Vannes). It comes from a Brittonic language community (see image) that once extended from Great Britain to Armorica (present-day Brittany) and had even established a toehold in Galicia (in present-day Spain). Old Breton is attested from the 9th century. It was the language of the upper classes until the 12th century, after which it became the language of commoners in West Brittany (Breizh Izel: "Lower Brittany"). The nobility, followed by the bourgeoisie, adopted French. The written language of the Duchy of Brittany was Latin, switching to French in the 15th century. There exists a limited tradition of Breton literature. Some Old Breton vocabulary remains in the present day as philosophical and scientific terms in Modern Breton.

The French monarchy was not concerned with the minority languages of France spoken by the lower classes, and required the use of French for government business as part of its policy of national unity. During the French Revolution, the government introduced policies favouring French over the regional languages, which it pejoratively referred to as patois. The revolutionaries assumed that reactionary and monarchist forces preferred regional languages to try to keep the peasant masses under-informed. In 1794, Bertrand Barère submitted his "report on the patois" to the Committee of Public Safety in which he said that "federalism and superstition speak Breton".[7]

Since the 19th century, under the Third, Fourth and Fifth Republics, the government has attempted to stamp out minority languages in state schools, including Breton, in an effort to build a national culture. Teachers humiliated students for using their regional languages, and such practices prevailed until the late 1960s.[7]

In the early 21st century, due to the political centralization of France, the influence of the media, and the increasing mobility of people, only about 200,000 people can speak Breton. This has dramatically declined from more than a million in 1950. The majority of today's speakers are more than 60 years old, and Breton is now classified as an endangered language.[3]

At the beginning of the 20th century, half of the population of Lower Brittany knew only Breton; the other half were bilingual. By 1950, there were only 100,000 monolingual Bretons, and a rapid decline has occurred, with likely no monolingual speakers left today. A statistical survey in 1997 found around 300,000 speakers in Breizh izel, of whom about 190,000 were aged 60 or older. Few 15-to 19-year-olds spoke Breton.[8]

Revival efforts

In 1925, Professor Roparz Hemon founded the Breton-language review Gwalarn. During its 19-year run, Gwalarn tried to raise the language to the level of a great international language. Its publication encouraged the creation of original literature in all genres, and proposed Breton translations of internationally recognized foreign works. In 1946, Al Liamm replaced Gwalarn. Other Breton-language periodicals have been published, which established a fairly large body of literature for a minority language.[citation needed]

In 1977, Diwan schools were founded to teach Breton by immersion. They taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school. See the education section for more information.

The Asterix comic series has been translated into Breton. According to the comic, the Gaulish village where Asterix lives is in the Armorica peninsula, which is now Brittany. Some other popular comics have also been translated into Breton, including The Adventures of Tintin, Spirou, Titeuf, Hägar the Horrible, Peanuts and Yakari.

Some original media is created in Breton. The sitcom, Ken Tuch', is in Breton.[9][10] Radio Kerne, broadcasting from Finistère, has exclusively Breton programming. Some movies (Lancelot du Lac, Shakespeare in Love, Marion du Faouet, Sezneg) and TV series (Columbo, Perry Mason) have also been translated and broadcast in Breton. Poets, linguists, and writers who have written in Breton, including Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Roparz Hemon, Anjela Duval, Pêr-Jakez Helias and Youenn Gwernig, are now known internationally.

Today, Breton is the only living Celtic language that is not recognized by the national government as an official or regional language. The French State refuses to change the second article of the Constitution (added in 1994), which establishes that "the language of the Republic is French." Although Breton was long the Celtic language with the highest number of speakers, it is now endangered.[11]

The first Breton dictionary, the Catholicon, was also the first French dictionary. Edited by Jehan Lagadec in 1464, it was a trilingual work containing Breton, French and Latin. Today bilingual dictionaries have been published for Breton and languages including English, Dutch, German, Spanish and Welsh. A new generation is determined to gain international recognition for Breton. The monolingual dictionary, Geriadur Brezhoneg an Here (1995), defines Breton words in Breton. The first edition contained about 10,000 words, and the second edition of 2001 contains 20,000 words.

In the early 21st century, the Ofis ar Brezhoneg ("Office of the Breton language") began a campaign to encourage daily use of Breton in the region by both businesses and local communes. Efforts include installing bilingual signs and posters for regional events, as well as encouraging the use of the Spilhennig to let speakers identify each other. The office also started an Internationalization and localization policy asking Google, Firefox[12][13] and SPIP to develop their interfaces in Breton. On March 2007, the Ofis ar Brezhoneg signed a tripartite agreement with Regional Council of Brittany and Microsoft[14] for the consideration of the Breton language in Microsoft products. In October 2014, Facebook added Breton as one of its 121 languages.[15] after three years of talks between the Ofis and the American giant.

Geographic distribution and dialects

Dialects of Breton

Breton is spoken mainly in Lower Brittany, but also in a more dispersed way in Upper Brittany (where Gallo is spoken alongside Breton and French), and in areas around the world that have Breton emigrants.

The four traditional dialects of Breton correspond to medieval bishoprics rather than to linguistic divisions. They are leoneg (léonard, of the county of Léon), tregerieg (trégorrois, of Trégor), kerneveg (cornouaillais, of Cornouaille), and gwenedeg (vannetais, of Vannes). Guérandais was spoken up to the beginning of the 20th century in the region of Guérande and Batz-sur-Mer. There are no clear boundaries between the dialects because they form a dialect continuum, varying only slightly from one village to the next.[citation needed] Gwenedeg, however, is almost mutually unintelligible with most of the other dialects.[16]

Region Population Number of speakers Percentage of speakers
Basse Bretagne 1.3 m 185,000
Centre Ouest Bretagne 112,000 20,000 20%
Trégor-Goelo 127,000 25,000 20%
Pays de Brest 370,000 40,000 11%
Pays de Cornouaille 320,000 35,000 11.5%
Pays de Lorient 212,000 15,000 7.3%
Pays de Vannes 195,000 11,000 5.5%
Pays de Guingamp 76,000 12,000 17%
Pays de Morlaix 126,000 15,000 12%
Pays de St Brieuc 191,000 5,000 3%
Pays de Pontivy 85,000 6,500 8%
Pays d'Auray 85,000 6,500 7.6%
Haute Bretagne 1.9 m 20,000 2%
Pays de Rennes 450,000 7,000
Loire-Atlantique 1.3 m
Pays de Nantes 580,000 4,000 0.8%
TOTAL 202,000

[17]

Official status

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Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg, the Breton language agency, was set up in 1999 by the Brittany region to promote and develop the use of Breton

Nation

As noted, only French is an official language of France. Supporters of Breton and other minority languages continue to argue for their recognition, education in public schools and place in public life.[11]

Constitution

In July 2008, the legislature amended the French Constitution, adding article 75-1: les langues régionales appartiennent au patrimoine de la France (the regional languages belong to the heritage of France). This acknowledged the significance of the languages. The government has not provided official recognition, rights or funds to support use of these languages.[citation needed]

On the 27 October 2015, the Senate rejected the draft law on ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages driving away the assumption of Congress for the adoption of the constitutional reform which would have given the value and legitimacy to regional languages such as Breton.[18]

Bilingual sign in Vannes (Gwened)

Region

Regional and departmental authorities use Breton to a very limited extent, for example in signage. Some bilingual signage has also been installed, such as street name signs in Breton towns. One station of the Rennes metro system has signs in both French and Breton.

Under the French law known as Toubon, it is illegal for commercial signage to be in Breton alone. Signs must be bilingual or French only. Since commercial signage usually has limited physical space, most businesses have signs only in French.

Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg, the Breton language agency, was set up in 1999 by the Brittany region to promote and develop the daily use of Breton.[19] It created the Ya d'ar brezhoneg campaign, to encourage enterprises, organisations and communes to promote the use of Breton, for example by installing bilingual signage or translating their websites into Breton.

Education

Sign in French and Breton in Rennes, outside a school with bilingual classes

In the late 20th century, the French government considered incorporating the independent Breton-language immersion schools (called Diwan) into the state education system. This action was blocked by the French Constitutional Council based on the 1994 amendment to the Constitution that establishes French as the language of the republic. Therefore, no other language may be used as a language of instruction in state schools. The Toubon Law implemented the amendment, asserting that French is the language of public education.

The Diwan schools were founded in Brittany in 1977 to teach Breton by immersion. They taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school. They have gained fame owing to their high level of results in school exams.[20] Breton-language schools do not receive funding from the national government, though the Brittany Region may fund them.

Another teaching method is a bilingual approach by Div Yezh ("Two Languages") in the State schools, created in 1979. Dihun ("Awakening") was created in 1990 for bilingual education in the Catholic schools.

Statistics

In 2012, 14,709[6] pupils (about 1.63% of all pupils in Brittany) attended Diwan, Div Yezh and Dihun schools. Their number has increased yearly. Jean-Yves Le Drian, the president of the Regional Council, had a goal of 20,000 pupils by 2010, but is encouraged by their progress.[21]

In 2007, some 4,500 to 5,000 adults followed a Breton language course (such as evening course, correspondence, or other). The family transmission of Breton in 1999 is estimated to be 3 percent.[6]

Municipalities

Other forms of education

In addition to bilingual education (including Breton-medium education), the region has introduced Breton language in the primary education, primarily in the department of Finistère. These "initiation" sessions are generally one to three hours per week, and consist of songs and games.

Schools in secondary education (collèges and lycées) offer some courses of Breton (given as either foreign language or option, such as German or Spanish). In 2010, nearly 5,000 students in Brittany were reported to be taking this option.[25]

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels in Breton may be short or long. All unstressed vowels are short; stressed vowels can be short or long (vowel lengths are not noted in usual orthographies as they are implicit in the phonology of particular dialects, and not all dialects pronounce stressed vowels as long).

All vowels can also be nasalized,[26] which is noted by appending an 'n' letter after the base vowel, or by adding a combining tilde above the vowel, or more commonly by non-ambiguously appending an 'ñ' letter after the base vowel (this depends on the orthographic variant).

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ u /y/ ou /u/
Close-mid e /e/ eu /ø/ o /o/
Open-mid e /ɛ/ eu /œ/ o /ɔ/
Open a /a/ a /ɑ/

Diphthongs are /ai, ei/.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental
Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ gn /ɲ/
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/ gw, gou /ɡʷ/
voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ kw //
Fricative voiced v /v/ z, zh /z/ j /ʒ/ c'h /ɣ/
voiceless f /f/ s /s/ ch /ʃ/ c’h /x/ h, zh /h/
Trill (r /r/)* r /ʁ/*
Approximant central (r /ɹ/)* y /j/ u /ɥ/ w /w/
lateral l /l/ lh /ʎ/
  • Pronunciation of the letter r and thus the phonetic inventory of a Breton speaker varies in Brittany:

[ʁ] is used in the French-influenced standard language whereas [r] (or its weaker allophone [ɾ]) and [ɹ] are used in more conservative dialects in northern Léon (Bro-Leon) and Trégor (Bro-Dreger) and by some elderly speakers in Vannes (Bro-Gwened).

Grammar

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Verbal aspect

As in English and the other Celtic languages, a variety of verbal constructions are available to express grammatical aspect, for example showing a distinction between progressive and habitual actions:

Breton English Irish Welsh Cornish
Me zo o komz gant ma amezeg "I am talking with my neighbour" "Táim ag labhairt le mo chomharsana" "Dw i'n siarad â fy nghymydog" "Yth esov ow kewsel orth ow hentrevek"
Me a gomz gant ma amezeg [bep mintin] "I talk with my neighbour [every morning]" "Labhraím le mo chomharsana [gach maidin]" "Siaradaf â fy nghymydog [bob bore]" "My a gows orth ow hentrevek [pub myttin]"

"Conjugated" prepositions

As in other modern Celtic languages, Breton pronouns are fused into preceding prepositions to produce a sort of "conjugated" preposition. Below are some examples in Breton, Cornish, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx, along with English translations.

Breton Cornish Welsh Irish Scottish Gaelic Manx English
ul levr zo ganin
a book is with-me
yma lyver genev mae llyfr gennyf tá leabhar agam tha leabhar agam ta lioar aym I have a book
un died zo ganit
a drink is with-you
yma diwes genes mae diod gennyt tá deoch agat tha deoch agad ta jough ayd you have a drink
un urzhiataer zo gantañ
a computer is with-him
yma jynn-amontya ganso mae cyfrifiadur ganddo tá ríomhaire aige tha coimpiutair aige ta co-earrooder echey he has a computer
ur bugel zo ganti
a child is with-her
yma flogh gensi mae plentyn ganddi tá leanbh aici tha leanabh aice ta lhiannoo eck she has a child
ur c'harr zo ganimp (or ganeomp)
a car is with-us
yma karr genen mae car gennym tá gluaisteán/carr againn tha càr againn ta gleashtan/carr ain we have a car
un ti zo ganeoc'h
a house is with-you
yma chi genowgh mae tŷ gennych tá teach agaibh tha taigh agaibh ta thie eu you [pl] have a house
arc'hant zo ganto (or gante)
money is with-them
yma mona gansa mae arian ganddynt tá airgead acu tha airgead aca ta argid oc they have money

Note that in the examples above the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx) use the preposition meaning "at" to show possession, whereas the Brittonic languages use "with". The Goidelic languages, however, do use the preposition "with" to express "belong to" (Irish "is liom an leabhar", Scottish "is leam an leabhar", Manx "s'lhiams yn lioar" The book belongs to me).

Note also that the above examples of Welsh are the formal written language. The order and preposition may differ slightly in colloquial Welsh (Formal "mae car gennym", North Wales "mae gynnon ni gar", South Wales "mae car gyda ni").

Initial consonant mutations

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Breton has four initial consonant mutations: though modern Breton lost the nasal mutation of Welsh, it also has a "hard" mutation, in which voiced stops become voiceless, and a "mixed" mutation, which is a mixture of hard and soft mutations.

Initial consonant mutations in Breton
Unmutated
consonant
Mutations   Unmutated
consonant
Mutations
Hard Mixed Soft Aspirant Hard Mixed Soft Aspirant
m [m]   v [v] v [v]            
b [b] p [p] v [v] v [v]   d [d] t [t] t [t] z [z]  
p [p]     b [b] f [f] t [t]     d [d] z [z]
g [ɡ] k [k] c’h [ɣ] c’h [ɣ]   gw [ɡʷ] kw [kʷ] w [w] w [w]  
k [k]     g [ɡ] c’h [x]          

Vocabulary

Some words that passed into French and into English

The English words dolmen and menhir have been borrowed from French, which supposedly took them from Breton. However, this is uncertain: for instance, menhir is peulvan or maen hir ("long stone"), maen sav ("straight stone") (two words: noun + adjective) in Breton. Dolmen is a misconstructed word (it should be taol-vaen). Some studies state[citation needed] that these words were borrowed from Cornish. Maen hir can be directly translated from Welsh as "long stone" (which is exactly what a menhir or maen hir is).

The French word baragouiner (‘to jabber in a foreign language’) is derived from Breton bara 'bread' and gwin 'wine'. The French word goéland (‘large seagull’) is derived from Breton gwelan, which shares the same root as English ‘gull’ (Welsh gwylan).

Orthography

The first Breton texts, contained in the Leyde manuscript, were written at the end of the 8th century: 50 years prior to the Strasbourg Oaths, considered to be the earliest example of French. After centuries of orthography calqued on the French model, in the 1830s Jean-François Le Gonidec created a modern phonetic system for the language.

During the early years of the 20th century, a group of writers known as Emglev ar Skrivanerien elaborated and reformed Le Gonidec's system. They made it more suitable as a super-dialectal representation of the dialects of Cornouaille, Leon and Trégor (known as from Kernev, Leon and Treger in Breton). This KLT orthography was established in 1911. At the same time writers of the more divergent Vannetais dialect developed a phonetic system also based on that of Le Gonidec.

Following proposals made during the 1920s, the KLT and Vannetais orthographies were merged in 1941 to create an orthographic system to represent all four dialects. This Peurunvan ("wholly unified") orthography was significant for the inclusion of the zh digraph, which represents a /h/ in Vannetais and corresponds to a /z/ in the KLT dialects.

In 1955 François Falc'hun and the group Emgleo Breiz proposed a new orthography. It was designed to use a set of graphemes closer to the conventions of French. This Orthographie Universitaire ("University Orthography", known in Breton as Skolveurieg) was given official recognition by the French authorities as the "official orthography of Breton in French education." It was opposed in the region and today is used only by the magazine Brud Nevez and the publishing house Emgléo Breiz.

Between 1971 and 1974, a new standard orthography was devised — the etrerannyezhel or interdialectale. This system is based on the derivation of the words.[citation needed]

Today the majority of writers continue to use the Peurunvan orthography, and it is the version taught in most Breton-language schools.

Alphabet

Breton is written in the Latin script. Peurunvan, the most commonly used orthography, consists of the following letters:

a, b, ch, c'h, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z

The circumflex, grave accent, trema and tilde appear on some letters. These diacritics are used in the following way:

â, ê, î, ô, û, ù, ü, ñ

See Wikiversity:Introduction to Breton/Breton pronunciation for an introduction to the Breton alphabet and pronunciation.

Differences between Skolveurieg and Peurunvan

Both orthographies use the above alphabet, although é is used only in Skolveurieg.

Differences between the two systems are particularly noticeable in word endings. In Peurunvan, final obstruents, which are devoiced in absolute final position and voiced in sandhi before voiced sounds, are represented by a grapheme that indicates a voiceless sound. In OU they are written as voiced but represented as voiceless before suffixes: braz (big), brasoc'h (bigger).

In addition, Peurunvan maintains the KLT convention, which distinguishes noun/adjective pairs by nouns written with a final voiced consonant and adjectives with a voiceless one. No distinction is made in pronunciation, e.g. brezhoneg Breton language vs. brezhonek Breton (adj).

Some examples of words in the different orthographies:

Etrerannyezhel (1975) Peurunvan (1941) Skolveurieg (1956)
glaw glav glao
piw piv piou
levr levr leor
ewid evit evid
gant gant gand
anezhi anezhi anezi
ouzhpenn ouzhpenn ouspenn
brawañ bravañ brava
pelec'h pelec'h peleh

Pronunciation of the Breton alphabet

Letter Kerneveg Leoneg Tregiereg Gwenedeg
A a a, ɑː
â ɑːnote 1
ae ae̯/aj ɛa ɛː
ao ao̯/aw ɔː ao̯/aw
aou ɔʊ̯/ɔw
B b b, pnote 3
Ch ch ʃ, ʒnote 4
C’h c’h hnote 2, x hnote 2, ɣ/ɦnote 20, xnote 3 hnote 2, x h, xnote 3
c’hw xw/f xw hw (hɥ)note 6
D d d, tnote 3
E e ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eːnote 5 ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eːnote 5, ənote 23
ê ɛːnote 18
ei ɛi̯/ɛj
eeu eø̯/ew
eo e: e: eː, ə
eu œ, œ̞, ø, øːnote 5
ɛy̆, e(v)y
eue ø̯e/ɥe
F f f, vnote 4
’f v/ɸ
G g ɡ, knote 3 ɡ, knote 3 (ɟ, c)note 6 note 7
gn ɲnote 8
gw ɡwnote 9 ɡw (ɟɥ)note 6
H h hnote 9
I i i, iː, jnote 10
ilh (i)ʎnote 11
J j ʒ, ʃnote 3
K k k k (c)note 6; note 7
L l lnote 24, ɬnote 12
M m m
N n nnote 24, ŋnote 13
ñ (not pronounced, causes nasalization of a preceding vowel)
ñv v (with a nasalization of a preceding vowel)
O o ɔ, ɔ̞, o, oːnote 5; note 25
oa ɔ̯a/wa, ɔ̯ɑː/wɑː ɔ̯a/wa, ɔ̯ɑː/wɑː, ɔa, oːa ɔ̯a/wa, ɔ̯ɑː/wɑː ɔ̯ɛ/wɛ, ɔ̯eː/weː
ôa oːanote 19
oe ɔ̯ɛ(ː)/wɛ(ː)
ou u, uː, w u, uː, w (ɥ)note 6; note 14
note 15 u o ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ
oy̆, oːy
P p p
R r ʀ/ʁ/r/ɾ/ɹnote 22; note 24, χ/r̥/ɾ̥/ɹ̥note 12
S s s, z
sh s h
sk sk sk (sc/ʃc)note 6
st st ʃt
T t t
U u y, yː, ɥnote 29
ui ɥi, ɥiː
ur, un, ulnote 30 ɔʀ/ɔn/ɔl œr/œn/œl œɾ/œn/œl yʁ/yn/yl
V v vnote 16
vh f
W w wnote 26 w (ɥ)note 6
Y y j
Z z znote 17; note 27, hnote 21
zh znote 17; note 27 hnote 17

Notes:

  1. ^ Vocative particle: â Vreizh O Brittany!
  2. ^ Word-initially.
  3. ^ Word-finally.
  4. ^ Non-written lenition of ch, c’h, f, s and spirantization of p > f [v].
  5. ^ Unstressed vowels e, eu, o are pronounced [ɛ, œ, ɔ] in Leoneg but [e, ø, o] in the other dialects. The pronunciation [ɛ̞, œ̞, ɔ̞] appears mainly in front of clusters lc’h, rc’h (less often also before c’h), before semivowels [j, w], before other clusters beginning with r, l and before rr. Stressed long e, eu, o are realized as [eː, øː, oː].
  6. ^ In Gwenedeg velars or labialized velars are palatalized when followed by e and i: k, g, kw/kou, c’hw/c’hou, gw/gou, w/ou, sk to [c, ɟ, cɥ, hɥ, ɟɥ, ɥ, sc/ʃc]. Instead of [c, ɟ] also [tʃ, dʒ] may appear.
  7. ^ In Gwenedeg word-final g and k is palatalized to [c] after preceding i.
  8. ^ But before a vowel other than i the digraph ni is written instead of gn, e.g. bleniañ to drive’, radical blegn, 1PS preterite blegnis, 3PS preterite blenias.
  9. ^ But mute in words such as ha(g), he(c’h), ho(c’h), holl, hon/hor/hol. Silent in Gwenedeg and Leoneg.
  10. ^ I is realized as [j] when it precedes or follows a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as lien, liorzh, rakdiazezañ the letter i is pronounced as [iː] (in orthography ï may be used:lïen, lïorzh, rakdïazezañ).
  11. ^ Group ilh is pronounced [ʎ] when it follows an vowel, following a consonant the group is pronounced [iʎ]. But before a vowel other than i li is written instead of ilh, e.g. heuliañ to follow, radical heuilh, 1PS preterite heulhis, 3PS preterite heulias. In some regions instead of [ʎ] may appear pronunciation [j].
  12. ^ Word-finally following a cluster of unvoiced consonants.
  13. ^ In front of k, g.
  14. ^ The digraph ou is realized same as the letter w when preceded or followed by a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as Doue, douar, gouarn the digraph ou is pronounced [uː].
  15. ^ The digraph marks plural ending. Its pronunciation varies throughout Brittany: [u, o, ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ] rating geographically from Northwest Leon to Southeast Gwened.
  16. ^ The letter v is usually pronounced [v], but word-finally (except word-final ñv) is pronounced usually as [w] or in KLT, as [ɥ] in Gwenedeg and as [f] in Goëlo. The pronunciation [v] is retained word-finally in verbs. In words bliv, Gwiskriv, gwiv, liv, piv, riv are v is pronounced [u] in KLT, [ɥ] in Gwenedeg and [f] in Goëlo. Word-finally following r, l, n, z it is pronounced [o].
  17. ^ But mute in words such as gouez, bloaz, goaz, ruziañ, kleiz, rakdïazezañ, bezañ, Roazhon, dezhañ, kouezhañ, ’z, az, ez, da’z, gwirionez, enep(g)wirionez, moneiz, falsvoneiz, karantez, kengarantez, nevez, nevezc’hanet, nadozioù, abardaez, ruziañ, gwez, bemdez, kriz, bleiz, morvleiz, dezhañ/dezhi . Z is generally mute in Kerneweg, Tregerieg and Gwenedeg, but in Leoneg z(h) is always pronounced.
  18. ^ Used to distinguish words stêr river, hêr heir, kêr town (written also kaer) from ster sense, her bold, ker dear.
  19. ^ Used to distinguish trôad circuit/tour from troad foot.
  20. ^ In northern dialects (mainly in Leoneg), there is a tendency to voice c’h between vowels. Pronunciation [ɣ] appears also in forms of lenition of g, c’h and mixed mutation of g.
  21. ^ Spirantization of t > z [h].
  22. ^ Pronunciation of r varies in Brittany, nowadays uvular [ʀ] (or [ʁ]) is a standard; in Leoneg r is pronounced [r], in Tregerieg [ɾ] or [ɹ].
  23. ^ In Gwenedeg unstressed e often [ə].
  24. ^ Lenited varieties of r, l, n may appear word-initially in case of soft mutation.
  25. ^ In Leoneg [u(ː)] in front of a nasal.
  26. ^ In Leoneg w in front of e, i [v].
  27. ^ In Leoneg z(h) in front of i [ʃ].
  28. ^ In Leoneg gwr [ɡr].
  29. ^ Before a vowel.
  30. ^ Forms of the indefinite article.

Examples

Lord's Prayer

Hon Tad,
c'hwi hag a zo en Neñv,
ra vo santelaet hoc'h anv.
Ra zeuio ho Rouantelezh.
Ra vo graet ho youl war an douar evel en neñv.
Roit dimp hiziv bara hor bevañs.
Distaolit dimp hon dleoù
evel m'hor bo ivez distaolet d'hon dleourion.
Ha n'hon lezit ket da vont gant an temptadur,
met hon dieubit eus an Droug.

Words and phrases in Breton

Bilingual signage in Quimper/Kemper. Note the use of the word ti in the Breton for police station and tourist office, plus da bep lec'h for all directions.

Visitors to Brittany may encounter words and phrases (especially on signs and posters) such as the following:

Breton English
deuet mat welcome
deuet mat oc'h you're welcome
Breizh Brittany
brezhoneg Breton (language)
ti, "ty" house
ti-kêr town hall
kreiz-kêr town centre
da bep lec'h all directions
skol school
skol-veur university
bagad pipe band (nearly)
fest-noz lit. "night fête", a fest deiz or "day fête" also exists
kenavo goodbye
krampouezh pancakes (a pancake = ur grampouezhenn)
sistr cider
chouchenn Breton mead
yec'hed mat Cheers!
war vor atav always at sea
kouign amann rich butter and sugar cake

Language comparison

English Breton Cornish Welsh
earth douar dor daear
sky oabl (older oabr) ebron wybren
heaven neñv nev nef
food boued boos (older boes) bwyd
house ti chi
man den den dyn
dog ki ki ci
sell gwerzhañ gwertha gwerthu
eat debriñ dybri bwyta
drink evañ eva yfed
see gwelet gweles gweld
black du du du
white gwenn gwynn gwyn
green gwer gwer, gwyrdh gwyrdd
red ruz rudh coch
yellow melen melen melyn
book levr lyver llyfr
day deiz dydh dydd
year bloaz bloodh blwyddyn
beer korev (bier) korev cwrw
go mont mones (mos) mynd
come dont dones dod
cat kazh kath cath
live bevañ bewa byw
dead marv marow marw
name anv hanow enw
water dour dowr dŵr
true gwir gwir gwir
wife gwreg gwreg gwraig
sheep dañvad davas dafad
better gwell, gwelloc'h gwell gwell
say lavarout leverel siarad
night noz nos nôs
root gwrizienn gwreydhen gwreiddyn
iron houarn horn haearn
summer hañv hav haf
winter goañv gwav gaeaf

See also

References

  1. Le breton : les chiffres clés. Sur le site www.ofis-bzh.org. Consulté le 12 avril 2010.
  2. Diagnostic de la langue bretonne en Île-de-France. Sur le site www.ofis-bzh.org.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Fañch Broudic, 2009. Parler breton au XXIe siècle – Le nouveau sondage de TMO-Régions.
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 (French) Données clés sur breton, Ofis ar Brezhoneg Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ofis-stats" defined multiple times with different content
  7. 7.0 7.1 ICBL information about Breton at breizh.net
  8. Fañch Broudic, Qui parle breton aujourd'hui? Qui le parlera demain? Brest: Brud Nevez, 1999
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Pdf.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. http://www.mozilla.org/br/firefox/fx/
  13. (Breton) Firefox ha Thunderbird
  14. (French) Microsoft au secours des langues celtiques y compris du breton
  15. (French) Facebook. Et maintenant une version en breton
  16. Kergoat, Lukian. "Breton Dialects" in Celtic Culture, pp. 250 ff. ABC-CLIO (Sta. Barbara), 2006.
  17. http://www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh/46-situation-de-la-langue.htm#par1660
  18. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. (French) Diwan FAQ, #6.
  21. (French) Interview with Jean-Yves Le Drian, the president of the Region Council.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 (French) Ofis ar Brezhoneg: Enseignement bilingue 2009 (année scolaire 2008-2009)
  23. 23.0 23.1 (French) Populations légales 2007
  24. These figures include some cities in the department of Loire-Atlantique, which today is technically included in Pays de la Loire. See for example Brittany (administrative region).
  25. (French) L'option de breton
  26. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

  • Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg official website.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., the public Breton TV channel.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: an essay about the situation of the Breton language.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: news in Breton.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: Brittany information, articles about Breton.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..

Dictionaries

Learning