Bridge restaurant

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A bridge restaurant or restaurant bridge is a restaurant, usually indoors, built like a bridge over a road, mostly over freeways or motorways. It usually provides access from both sides of the road without the need of crossing the road by tunnel or footbridge. The construction also attracts the attention of motorists, making it easy to find the rest area.

Built in 1957, the world's first bridge restaurant in Vinita, Oklahoma (2008 photograph)

Motorways

United States

The first bridge restaurant was built in 1957, over I-44 (Will Rogers Turnpike) [1] at the Vinita, Oklahoma, rest area. It is the world's largest McDonald's fast food restaurant. With the construction of the Illinois Tollway in 1958, five more bridge restaurants were built as Illinois Tollway Oases, opening in 1959. Further implementation of the concept in the United States has been hampered by US Code 23 clause 111, which prohibits commercial activities at the rest areas along the Interstate Highways. Although commercial activities existing before 1960 could continue, and the unaffected turnpikes already had commercialized rest areas, no new restaurants were added. Despite this legislation the Lincoln Oasis bridge restaurant has been opened in 1967.

Italy

The concept was introduced to Europe in 1959 by the Italian architect Angelo Bianchetti,[2] who built the first European bridge restaurant in slightly more than six months. In 1962, Pavesi replaced its existing roadside restaurants at Novara and Bergamo along the Autostrada Serenissima by bridge restaurants at Novara and Osio. This was done in conjunction with the upgrade of the three lane highway to motorway standards. Bianchetti built nine bridge restaurants for his principal, the Italian food chain Pavesi. Three Pavesi bridges, Chianti, Dorno and Serrevalle-Pistoiese, were built by other architects. The concept was replicated by Pavesi's competitor Motta, who built two bridges at the Cantagallo[3] and Limena[4] rest areas, and later on spread over Europe. In 1974 the Italian chains were heavily effected by the oil crisis and as a result no more bridge restaurants were built in Italy. In 2012 there are 13 bridge restaurants left in Italy.

Rest of Europe

Inspired by the Italian example, the concept spread over Europe along with the expansion of motorway networks. Britain's first motorway, the M6 was equipped with motorway service areas (MSA). In contrast to the United States, commercialized rest areas along state owned motorways are common in Europe. Many of the British MSAs have footbridges for crossing the motorway but only five MSAs were built as bridge restaurants, all in the early sixties. The M6 got three of them: one was built at Farthing Corner (today Medway) over the M2 and the last at Leicester Forest East over the M1 which opened in 1966. The building of bridge restaurants in Britain stopped because of the fire risks, because they were regarded as an obstacle for road widening in the future, and because of the finding that drivers do not find any rest when they are still watching the traffic.[citation needed]

In Germany, there are two MSAs built as bridge restaurants. The first opened in 1967 at the Rudolphstein/Hirschberg crossing of the inner German border along the Berlin Munich transit route. Visitors had a view of the iron curtain from the restaurant. The second was built at the Dammer Berge MSA over the A 1 at Holdorf in 1969. Building bridge restaurants in Germany was more expensive than two restaurants at both roadsides. Because of the length of the bridges many facilities, such as toilets, kitchens and storagerooms had to be built twice on a bridge, so it turned out that it was too expensive to build further bridge restaurants over the Autobahn.[5] In Belgium the concept is widespread and still applied for new MSAs. At the beginning of the 1970s Jacques Borel introduced the bridge restaurant to France, and Mövenpick followed soon in Switzerland. The Netherlands followed in 1980 with Rick's, today Ruygen Hoek, MSA near Schiphol. Scandinavia got its first bridge restaurant in the mid-1980s.

Other roads

There are also bridge restaurants beside the motorways. In Oldenzaal (Netherlands) and Berlin (Germany) they are built across broad lanes. The Haus der Deutschen Weinstraße is built over a two lane road with, as exception, an entrance at only one roadside. The smallest bridge restaurant is situated in Kufstein (Austria), where a 15th-century service bridge across a street in the old city has been redeveloped to a bridge restaurant with two seats.

Construction

The bridge restaurants in the United States are, except the Lincoln Oasis, more or less replications of the same design based upon an tied-arch bridge. The Lincoln Oasis,[6] designed by David Haid, used a steel frame combined with a glass facade derived from the Italian MSAs at Arda and Cantagallo. The Illinois oasis were renovated in 2003 and have all got a similar look since. The European bridge restaurants are mostly unique designs. The bridge restaurant should be a landmark and they were designed for their specific operator and location.

Steel frame

The first two Italian bridge restaurants at Fiorenzuola d'Arda and Cantagallo [7] both got reinforced concrete entry buildings that serve as supports for the steel frame span crossing the carriage ways. The bridge restaurant at Cantagallo was destroyed by fire in 1981 and rebuilt as a reinforced concrete bridge.

Concrete

In 1961 reinforced concrete was introduced for the span itself. Bianchetti designed a reinforced concrete bridge restaurant [8] for the Novara MSA in 1962. Afterwards this design was almost completely copied at Osio MSA, today Brembo. The two in Tuscany, at Serrevalle Pistoiese MSA and Chianti MSA, and the one at Dorno MSA were designed by other architects resulting in unique designs at the different sites. The British bridge restaurants are all built with reinforced concrete and all specially designed for the specific location. In 1963 and 1964 Bianchetti built two specially designed bridge restaurants at the south (Frascati) and north (Feronia) of Rome.[9] Architect Carlo Casati introduced prestressed concrete in his design at Dorno MSA in 1964.[10] A unique design was built by Bega and Nervi at the Limena MSA in 1967.[11] The span has been built as a concrete box with octagonal windows in the walls. In 1969 the German architects Paul Wolters and Manfred Bock combined a prestressed concrete deck with a steel frame top at Dammer Berge MSA.

Double deck

Bianchetti's next step was the double deck bridge restaurant with one floor for the restaurant and the other for shops. At Montepulciano he used the steel frame technique, already implemented at Arda and Cantagallo. The whole design is exceptional because of its cantilever construction that can be seen from the outside.[12] The last bridge restaurant design of Bianchetti is a double deck concrete bridge that was built at Soave MSA in 1969, just east of Verona and at Alfaterna MSA in 1971, just south of Nocera Inferiore. The upper level at Alfaterna [13] was used as Motel, but this bridge has been demolished. In Switzerland both Würenlos MSA in 1972 and Knonauer Amt MSA in 2009, got a double deck bridge restaurant as well.

Remarks

Würenlos and Nyköpingsbro are built as cable-stayed bridge. The bridge restaurant in Pratteln, designed by Casoni & Casoni from Basle, is unique for its fiberglass facade. In Scandinavia and Illinois the parking lots are at the same level as the bridge. Except for Frascati, Ayer Keroh and Petroport, the other bridge restaurants have an entrance on streetlevel from which the customers enter the bridge by stairs, escalator or elavator.

List

Rest area Country Highway Opened Coordinates
Auracher Löchl  Austria Römerhofgasse, Kufstein Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Arlon  Belgium A4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Barchon  Belgium A4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Gierle  Belgium E34 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Opzullik  Belgium A8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Orival  Belgium A7 2001 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Verlaine  Belgium A15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Walin  Belgium A4 1995 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Peñaflor  Chile AP-78 1998 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Beaune–Merceuil  France A6 July 24, 1971 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lançon de Provence  France A7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Nemours  France A6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Orléans–Saran  France A10 1975 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Saint Albain  France A6 October 29, 1970 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Verdun Saint Nicolas (Haudimont)  France A4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Dammer Berge  Germany A1 1969 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. RaststaetteDammerBerge.JPG
Frankenwald  Germany A9 1967 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Haus der Deutschen Weinstraße  Germany Deutsche Weinstraße 1995 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
ICC-Berlin  Germany Messedamm April 2, 1979 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Sirios - Malakasa  Greece A1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Autogrill-greece-A1 2009.jpg
Alfaterna  Italy A3 1971[14] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Brembo–Osio  Italy A4 1962 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Cantagallo  Italy A1 April 23, 1961[15] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Chianti - Ripoli  Italy A1 1962[16] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Dorno  Italy A7 May 11, 1964 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Feronia  Italy A1 1964[17] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Fiorenzuola d'Arda  Italy A1 December 29, 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Frascati[18]  Italy E821 1963 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Limena[19]  Italy A4 April 2, 1967 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Montepulciano  Italy A1 1967[20] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Novara  Italy A4 1962[21] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Scaligera-Soave  Italy A4 1969[22] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sebino–Erbusco  Italy A4 1962 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Serravalle Pistoiese  Italy A11 1962[23] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ayer Keroh  Malaysia E2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Subang Jaya  Malaysia E6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sungai Buloh  Malaysia E1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Den Ruygen Hoek  Netherlands A4 December 18, 1980 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Oldenzaal  Netherlands Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hungsu-ri  North Korea AH1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Holmestrand  Norway E18 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Midrand  South Africa N1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Petroport  South Africa N1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Arrigorriaga  Spain AP-68 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
El Penedes  Spain E90 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
La Jonquera  Spain E15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
La Plana  Spain E15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lleida  Spain E90 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Porta Cerdanya  Spain E9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Gävlebro  Sweden E4 1987 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Nyköpingsbro  Sweden E4 1986 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Knonauer Amt   Switzerland A4 November 13, 2009 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Pratteln   Switzerland A3 October 26, 1978 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Würenlos   Switzerland A1 1972 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Charnock Richard services  United Kingdom M6 1963 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Keele services  United Kingdom M6 1963 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Knutsford services  United Kingdom M6 1963 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Leicester Forest services  United Kingdom M1 1966 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Medway services  United Kingdom M2 November 1, 1963 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 200px
Belvidere Oasis[24]  United States I-90 (Jane Addams Memorial Tollway) 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Belvidere Oasis, Illinois.jpg
Chicago Southland Lincoln Oasis  United States I-80/I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) 1967[25] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Des Plaines Oasis[26]  United States I-90 (Jane Addams Memorial Tollway) 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hinsdale Oasis[27]  United States I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lake Forest Oasis[28]  United States I-94 (Tri-State Tollway) 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
McDonald's, Vinita, Oklahoma  United States I-44 (Will Rogers Turnpike) 1957 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. VinitaMCD Parking.JPG
O'Hare Oasis[29]  United States I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) 1959 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. OHare Oasis.jpg

Miscellaneous

Literally the restaurants on the Novy Most in Bratislava, opened 1972, and the Esplanade Riel in Winnipeg, opened 2003, could be regarded as bridge restaurants, but these bridges are normal river crossings with a restaurant and aren't dedicated bridge restaurants. The Anshun Bridge in Chengdu, opened 2003, features the Veranda bridge restaurant built as a bridge over the river instead of a road. The Serbian town of Valjevo also has a restaurant with a terrace on a purpose built bridge crossing the river at Knez Mihajleva.

See also

References

  1. Greco p. 91.
  2. Colafranceschi, p. 36.
  3. Colafranceschi, p. 37.
  4. Greco p. 115.
  5. Johannes, p. 51
  6. Greco p. 98.
  7. Greco pp. 101-109.
  8. Greco p. 110.
  9. Greco p. 208.
  10. Greco p. 118-119.
  11. Greco p. 115-117.
  12. Greco p. 133-141.
  13. Greco p. 182.
  14. Greco, p. 209.
  15. Greco, pp.  101-108
  16. Aleardi, building FI22.
  17. Greco, p.  208.
  18. Greco, p. 208.
  19. Greco, pp. 115-119.
  20. Greco, pp. 133–141.
  21. Greco, p.  110.
  22. Greco, p.  209.
  23. Aleardi, building PT10.
  24. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. Greco, p. 91.
  26. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Works cited

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.