Burgenland Croatian
| Burgenland Croatian | |
|---|---|
| gradišćanskohrvatski jezik | |
| Native to | Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia |
|
Native speakers
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19,000 (2001 census)[1] |
| Official status | |
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Recognised minority
language in |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | burg1244[2] |
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Burgenland Croatian (gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) is a regional variety of the Chakavian dialect of the Croatian language spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is recognized as a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland where it is spoken by 19,412 people according to official reports (2001).[1] Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz, due to the process of urbanization, which is mostly driven by the poor economic situation of large parts of Burgenland.
Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language and are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats. The representatives of the Burgenland Croats estimate their total number in all three countries and emigration at around 70,000.
Contents
Dialects
- Štoj dialect: dialect of the Croatian folklore group Štoji (Güttenbach, Stinatz, Neuberg), is a Shtokavian–Chakavian mixed dialect
- Vlah dialect: dialect of the Vlahi, is a Shtokavian dialect in Weiden bei Rechnitz, Zuberbach, Althodis, Schandorf, Dürnbach, Allersdorf, etc.
- Dolinci dialect: dialect of the Dolinci in Unterpullendorf, Frankenau, Kleinmutschen, etc. is a Chakavian dialect
- Poljan dialect: dialect of the Poljanci near Lake Neusiedl, is a Chakavian dialect
- Hac dialect: Chakavian dialect of Haci near Neusiedl
- some Croats speak a Kajkavian dialect near Neusiedl
- Grob dialect: a Kajkavian dialect, spoken in Chorvátsky Grob in Slovakia
History
Burgenland Croatian was the language of Croatian refugees who fled Croatia during the Turkish Wars and settled in the western part of what was then Hungary, the area where they still live. Burgenland Croats included speakers of all three dialects of the Croatian language (Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian), with the majority being the Chakavians who originally came from the northern Adriatic coast.
Burgenland Croats did not take part in the shaping of the present Croatian standard language in the 19th century. Instead, they constructed their own written standard based mainly on the local Chakavian speech and adopted the Croatian alphabet, a modified Latin alphabet, as their script.
It is still a matter of debate whether Burgenland Croatian should be classified as a Slavic micro-language of its own. Burgenland Croatian dialects are mostly viewed as isolated dialects of the Croatian language.
The Burgenland Croatian language and the Prekmurian language (this is a Slovene language-variant in the Prekmurje and Hungary) was to press with interact. The first Prekmurian works (for example Old hymn-book of Martjanci) was applied to the Burgenland Croatian books. A few writers of the Prekmurian language were of Burgenland Croatian descent (for example Jakab Szabár) and also the Burgenland Croatian language (József Ficzkó).
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918 the areas in which Burgenland Croats lived were divided between Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. After 1921 most of these areas became part of Austria, which established a new province of Burgenland, after which the Croatian minority was named. In 1922 Austria founded the Apostolic administration of Burgenland and began to abolish bilingual schools through the introduction of the teaching of German language in all primary schools. This process was temporarily stopped after The National Education Act, that allowed the work of the Croatian elementary schools, was adopted. After Hitler Annexed Austria in 1938 this law was abolished. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty was signed. It gave permission to the Burgenland Croats to use Croatian language in education, judiciary and public administration. With the adoption of the Law on National Minorities in 1976 use of the Croatian language in public life became limited. After constitutional complaint was accepted in 1987 parts of the law were changed and the Croatian language was introduced as an official in 6 out of 7 districts of Burgenland.[3]
Written language
Burgenland Croatian written language is based mainly on the local Chakavian speech with some influences from the other Croatian dialects spoken in Burgenland. It uses the Latin alphabet with the same diacritical modifiers as the Croatian alphabet. In the course of language development it acquired some of its own specialised vocabulary, sometimes different from that used in standard Croatian.
Spoken language
Croats living in the south of Burgenland speak mainly the Shtokavian-Chakavian dialect, those in the central part the Chakavian dialect with a hard Kajkavian influence, and in the north (close to Vienna) the Chakavian dialect.
Differences between Standard and Burgenland Croatian
Example words
| English | Standard Croatian | Burgenland Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| black | crna | črna |
| word | riječ | rič |
| Jesus Christ | Isus Krist | Jezuš Kristuš |
| lower | donji | dolnji |
Newspapers written in Burgenland Croatian
Newspapers of the Burgenland Croats are: Crikveni glasnik (Church Gazett), 1946; Naše selo (Our village), 1947; Naš tjednik (Our weekly), 1947; Naša domovina (Our homeland), 1952; Glas (Voice), 1957; Novi glas (New Voice), 1969; Put (Way), 1981).
First books written in Burgenland Croatian
The beginnings of literacy are linked to: Klimpuški misal (Klimpuški Missal) (1501), S. Consul Histrianus and Anton Dalmatin's Postila (Fasting) (1568), Duševne pesne (Spiritual songs) (1609) and Grgur Mekinić Pythiraeus's Druge knjige duševnih pesan (Other books of the Spiritual songs) (1611). By the mid-19th literature had religious character and was intended mostly for peasants. Main writers were priests and nuns. In the second half of the 19th century teachers begin to write. Thanks to that many school textbooks and calendars were written.
Writers that write in Burgenland Croatian
Most popular Burgeland Croat writers are: J. Mulih (1694–1754), Godefrid Palković (1714–78), L. Bogović (1719–89), E. M. Kragel (1725–88), M. Laáb (cca. 1746–1823), J. Ficko (1772–1843), M. Drobilić (1808–91), T. Jordan (1815–93), G. Glavanić (1833–72), M. Naković (1840–1900), I. Mušković (1848–1930), M. Borenić (1850–1939), Ivan Čuković (1865–1944), P. Jandrišević (1879–1938), I. Blažević (1888–1946), Mate Meršić Miloradić (1850–1928), Ignac Horvat (1895–1973), Martin Meršić, A. Blazović (1921–2004), Franz Probst (1919–93), N. Benčić (b. 1938), Ivan (Lav) Sučić (b. 1938), Mathilda Bölcs (b. 1949), J. Čenar (b. 1956), P. Tyran (b. 1955) and H. Gassner (b. 1955).[4]
The Lord's prayer in Slovene, Burgenland Croatian and Standard Croatian
| Slovene | Burgenland Croatian | Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, |
Oče naš, ki si na nebesi, sveti se ime tvoje, |
Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, sveti se ime tvoje, |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bevölkerung 2001 nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=22976
- ↑ http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=22976
See also
External links
- Burgenland Croatian Center in Vienna (English) (Croatian) (German)
- Scientific Institute of the Burgenland Croats (Croatian) (German)
- Croatian Cultural and Documentation Center in Eisenstadt/Željezno (German)
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See Also: Minority languages of Austria
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