Ceilometer
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A ceilometer is a device that uses a laser or other light source to determine the height of a cloud base. Ceilometers can also be used to measure the aerosol concentration within the atmosphere.
Contents
Hazards
They can sometimes be fatal to birds, as the animals become caught in lightbeams and suffer exhaustion and collisions with other birds.[1] In the worst recorded ceilometer non-laser lightbeam kill-off, approximately 50,000 birds from 53 different species died at the Warner Robins Air Force Base in the United States during one night in 1954.[2]
Laser ceilometers use invisible lasers to observe cloud base. Using optical instruments such as binoculars near ceilometers is not recommended because lenses in instruments could concentrate the beam and damage eyes.[3] Ceilometers can be installed on angles in the approach of aircraft to a runway.
Optical drum ceilometer
An optical drum ceilometer uses triangulation to determine the height of a spot of light projected onto the base of the cloud. It consists essentially of a rotating projector, a detector, and a recorder. The projector emits an intense beam of light above into the sky at an angle that varies with the rotation. The detector, which is located at a fixed distance from the projector, uses a photoelectric cell pointing vertically. When it detects the projected light return from the cloud base, the instrument notes the angle and the calculation gives the height of clouds.
Laser ceilometer
A laser ceilometer consist of a vertically pointing laser and a receiver in the same location. A laser pulse with a duration on the order of nanoseconds is sent through the atmosphere. As the beam travels through the atmosphere, tiny fractions of the light are scattered by aerosols. Generally, the size of the particles in question are similar in size to the wavelength of the laser. This situation leads to Mie scattering. A small component of this scattered light is directed back to the lidar receiver. The timing of the received signal can be transformed into a spatial range, z, by using the speed of light. I.e.,
where c is the light speed in the air.
In this way, each pulse of laser light results in a vertical profile of aerosol concentration within the atmosphere. Generally, many individual profiles will be averaged together in order to increase the signal to noise ratio and average profiles are reported on a time scale of seconds. The presence of clouds or water droplets leads to a very strong return signal compared to background levels, which allows for cloud heights to be easily identified.
For cloud base determination purpose, due to the ceilometers ability to pick up any particle in the air (dust, precipitation, smoke, etc...), it will give occasional false readings. As an example, depending on the threshold used, falling diamond dust (Ice Crystals) may cause the ceilometer to report a cloud height of zero, even though the sky is clear.
Using these last properties, ceilometers will have other uses. Since the instrument will note any returns, it is possible to locate any faint layer where it occurs, additionally to the cloud's base, by looking at the whole pattern of returned energy. Furthermore, the rate at which diffusion happens can be noted by the diminishing part returned to the ceilometer in clear air, giving the coefficient of extinction of the light signal. Using these data could give the vertical visibility and the possible concentration of air pollutants. This has been developed in research and could be applied for operational purpose.
Volcanic ash detection.
In New Zealand, MetService operates a network of laser ceilometers for cloud base measurements at commercial airports. These sensors are also used to map volcanic ash clouds to allow commercial air traffic to avoid damage caused by ash.
See also
References
- ↑ 10,000 Birds Trapped In The World Trade Center Light Beams, StapleNews, September 16, 2010.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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