Charcoal burner

File:Kohlenmeiler Hagen 2004.jpg

A charcoal burner at his charcoal pile

Charcoal burning in Grünburg near the River Steyr water gap

A Charcoal burner is someone whose occupation is to manufacture charcoal. Traditionally this is achieved by carbonising wood in a charcoal pile or kiln. As an occupation it has almost died out in the first world countries.

Charcoal burning is one of the oldest human crafts. The knowledge gained from this industry still contributes to the solution of energy problems today. Due to its historical and cultural importance, charcoal burning and tar distilling were incorporated in December 2014 into the register of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Germany by the Kultusministerkonferenz.

History and technique

Since the Iron Age, high temperatures have had to be produced for iron smelting, for glassmaking and for the working of precious metals. Charcoal has been used to do this for centuries and, in order to produce it, entire forests were felled. With the increasing use of stone coal from the 18th century, the charcoal burning industry declined.

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Charcoal burning near Sosa (Ore Mountains)

Even in ancient times, charcoal was manufactured in kilns. Logs were arranged in a conical heap (a charcoal kiln or pile) around posts, a fire shaft was made using brushwood and wood chips and covered with an airtight layer of grass, moss and earth. The pile was ignited inside the fire shaft and, at a temperature of between 300 and 350 °C, the carbonization process began. The process took six to eight days - in large kilns several weeks - during which time the charcoal burner had to control the draught (by piercing small holes and resealing them), being careful neither to allow the pile to go out nor let it go up in flames. By observing the smoke exiting the kiln, the charcoal burner could assess the state of the carbonization process. If the smoke was thick and gray, the wood was still raw; thin, blue smoke indicated good carbonization.

In earlier times, charcoal burners led an austere, lonely life. They had to live near the kiln, usually in a charcoal burner's hut (Köhlerhütte or Köte in Germany, Austrian and Switzerland). During the Middle Ages, charcoal burners were ostracised. Their profession was considered dishonourable and they were frequently accused of evil practices. Even today there is a certain denigration of this former occupation. In the German language to have a charcoal burner's faith (Köhlerglauben) is to have blind faith. Due to the continuing requirement to keep the kiln at the right temperature, and carbon monoxide rising from the kiln it can be assumed that anxiety, lack of sleep, other psychological disorders and burn scars were part of the job.

Charcoal burning is still carried out commercially in parts of the world today, but only rarely in Europe, for example in Rumania. Other places where it is still common are the tropical rain forests of South America and Africa.

Even in the 20th century, charcoal burners in remote areas like the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest, still used Hillebilles, a large contraption of beechwood boards, used as alarm and signal device. This is commemorated in the name of a mountain ridge in the Harz, called Hillebille. Today the tradition of this old craft is mainly preserved in clubs and societies. The best known are the European Charcoal Burners' Society (Europäische Köhlerverein) and the Glasofen Charcoal Burners' Society (Köhlerverein Glasofen).

See also

• Biochar

Literature

• Vincenz Dietrich: Das Ganze der Verkohlung in stehenden Meilern oder die sogenannte italienische Köhlerei, nach den 30jährigen praktischen Erfahrungen und Betriebsresultaten zu Hieflau und Obersteiermark bearbeitet. Kienrich, Graz, 1847 (digitalised).
• Karl Hasel, Ekkehard Schwartz: Forstgeschichte. Ein Grundriss für Studium und Praxis. 2nd updated edition, Kessel, Remagen, 2002, ISBN 3-935638-26-4.
• Thomas Strauch: Von Köhlern, Rußbrennern und Harzsammlern – Historische Waldberufe rund um die Holzverwertung. Im Jahrbuch zum Bergmannskalender 2007, pages 173 to 180. Published by Deutsche Steinkohle.

External links

• European Charcoal Burning Society
• Charcoal burning in the Palatinate
• Michaela Vieser, Irmela Schautz: Ohne Köhler kein Fortschritt at Spiegel Online on 22 June 2012
• Charcoal burning in the Entlebuch (Switzerland) UNESCO Biosphere Cultural Heritage