Chemistry set
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A chemistry set is an educational toy allowing the user (typically a teenager) to perform simple chemistry experiments.
Contents
History
Forerunners
The earliest forerunners of the chemistry set are 17th century books on "natural magick", "which all excellent wise men do admit and embrace, and worship with great applause; neither is there any thing more highly esteemed, or better thought of, by men of learning."[1] Authors such as Giambattista della Porta included chemical magic tricks and scientific puzzles along with more serious topics.[1][2]
The earliest chemistry sets were developed in the 18th century in England and Germany, with the purpose of teaching chemistry to adults. In 1791, Description of a portable chest of chemistry : or, Complete collection of chemical tests for the use of chemists, physicians, mineralogists, metallurgists, scientific artists, manufacturers, farmers, and the cultivators of natural philosophy by Johann Friedrich August Göttling, translated from German, was published in English.[3] Friedrich Accum of London, England also sold portable chemistry sets and materials to refill them.[4] Used primarily for training druggists and medical students, they could also be carried and used in the field.[5]
Scientific kits also attracted well-educated members of the upper class who enjoyed experimenting and demonstrating their results.[5] James Woodhouse of Philadelphia presented a Young Chemist's Pocket Companion (1797) with an accompanying portable laboratory, specifically targeted ladies and gentlemen. Jane Marcet's books on chemistry helped to popularize chemistry as a well-to-do pastime for both men and women.[4]
Beginning in the late 1850s John J. Griffin & Sons sold a line of "chemical cabinets", eventually offering 11 categories. These were marketed primarily to adults including elementary school teachers as well as students at the Royal Naval College, the Royal Agricultural Society, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[4]
In the mid to late 1800s England, magic and illusion toys enabled children to make their own fireworks, create disappearing inks and cause changes in color, tricks which were mostly chemically based.[6] The Columbian Cyclopedia of 1897 defines "CHEMISTRY TOYS" as "mostly pyrotechnic; recommended as illustrating to the young the rudiments of chemistry, but probably more dangerous than efficient for such use", listing a variety of hazardous examples.[7]
Chemistry sets as toys
Beginning in the early 1900s, modern chemistry sets specifically targeted younger people and were intended to popularize chemistry. In the United States, the best known such sets were produced by the Porter Chemical Company and the A. C. Gilbert Company. Although Porter and Gilbert were the largest American producers of chemistry sets, other manufacturers such as the Skilcraft corporation were also active.[5]
The Porter Chemical Company was started by John J. Porter and his brother Harold Mitchell Porter in 1914. Their initial purpose was to sell packaged chemicals, but they soon introduced kits. John researched the experiments, while Harold wrote the instruction manuals. Their earliest toys, under the "Chemcraft" trademark, were "chemical magic" sets, selling for less than $1. By the 1920s, they sold six different sets, the largest of which sold for $25. The range of toys they offered became broader throughout the 1930s.[5] In the 1950s it was possible to buy toys that included radioactive ores, such as an “Atomic Energy Lab” and a Geiger counter.[8]
Alfred Carlton Gilbert earned money by performing magic tricks while a medical student at Yale. He and John Petrie formed the Mysto Manufacturing Company (later the A. C. Gilbert Company) in 1909, and began to sell boxed magic sets. By 1917, they were selling chemistry sets, which they continued to produce throughout World War II, in spite of war-time restrictions on materials. Robert Treat Johnson, noting the number of chemistry students at Yale whose interest in the science had begun with a chemistry set, argued that the production of chemistry sets was a patriotic duty.[5]
Chemistry sets were actively promoted by toy companies through advertising campaigns, the "Chemcraft Chemist Club" and its accompanying "Chemcraft Science Magazine", comic books, and essay contests such as Porter's "Why I want to be a scientist". The goal of attracting students to a potential career in chemistry was often explicit in the sets' naming and promotion.[5] Chemistry sets may have been the first American toys to be marketed to parents with the goal of "improving" children for success in later life.[8]
Marketing of chemistry sets was also highly gendered, targeted almost exclusively at "young men of science". A 1950s set introduced by Gilbert for girls, came in a pink box and explicitly identified girls as laboratory assistants rather than full-fledged scientists.[8][5]
Well known chemistry sets from the United Kingdom include the 1960s and 1970s sets by Thomas Salter Science (produced in Scotland) and later Salter Science, then the "MERIT" sets through the 1970s and 1980s. Dekkertoys created a range of sets which were similar, complete with glass test tubes of dry chemicals.
Decline
Around the 1960s, increasing social distrust of chemistry, safety concerns, and government regulation began to limit the range of materials and experiments available in chemistry sets. In the United States, the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act of 1960, the Toy Safety Act of 1969 and the Consumer Product Safety Commission, established in 1972, and the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 all introduced new levels of regulation.[4] The popularity of chemistry sets declined during the 1970s and 1980s.[9] The A. C. Gilbert Company went out of business in 1967, and the Porter Chemical Company went out of business in 1984.[4]
Modern chemistry sets, with a few exceptions, tend to include a much more restricted range of chemicals and very simplified instructions. Many chemistry kits are single use, containing only the types and amounts of chemicals for a specific application.[10][11] Several authors have noted that from the 1980s on, concerns about illegal drug production, terrorism and legal liability have led to chemistry sets becoming increasingly bland and unexciting.[12][13][14][15]
Nonetheless, a GCSE equipment set was produced offering students better quality equipment, and there is also a more up market range of sets available from Thames & Kosmos such as the C3000 Kit.[16][4]
Contents
Typical contents found in chemistry sets, including equipment and chemicals, might include:
Equipment
- vials of dry chemicals
- wires or filings of various metals, as copper, nickel or zinc
- graphite rods
- a balance and weights
- a measuring cylinder
- a thermometer
- a magnifying glass
- pipettes
- beakers, retorts, flasks, test tubes, U-tubes or other reaction vessels
- cork stoppers
- watch glasses
- glass and rubber tubing
- test tube holders, retort stands and clamps
- an alcohol burner or other heat source
- a filter funnel and filter paper
- universal indicator paper or litmus paper
- safety goggles
- an instruction manual
Chemicals
- Aluminium ammonium sulfate
- Aluminium sulfate
- Ammonium chloride
- Borax
- Calcium chloride
- Calcium hydroxide
- Calcium oxide
- Calcium oxychloride
- Calcium sulfate
- Cobalt chloride
- Cupric chloride
- Copper sulfate
- Ferric ammonium sulfate
- Ferrous sulfate
- Gum arabic
- Magnesium ribbon
- Magnesium chloride
- Magnesium sulfate
- Manganese sulfate
- Phenolphthalein
- Potassium chloride
- Potassium iodide
- Potassium permanganate
- Potassium sulfate
- Powdered charcoal
- Powdered iron
- Sodium bisulfate
- Sodium bisulfite
- Sodium carbonate
- Sodium ferrocyanide
- Sodium silicate
- Sodium thiosulfate
- Strontium chloride
- Sulfur
- Tannic acid
- Tartaric acid
- Zinc sulfate
The experiments described in the instruction manual typically require a number of chemicals not shipped with the chemistry set, because they are common household chemicals:
- Acetic acid (in vinegar)
- Ammonium carbonate ("baker's ammonia" or "salts of hartshorn")
- Citric acid (in lemons)
- Ethanol (in denatured alcohol)
- Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
- Sodium chloride ("table salt")
Other chemicals, including strong acids, bases and oxidizers cannot be safely shipped with the set and others having a limited shelf life have to be purchased separately from a drug store:
See also
References
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