Chondrocladia
| Chondrocladia Temporal range: Pleistocene? to Present
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Chondrocladia
Thomson, 1873
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33; see text |
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Chondrocladia is a genus of carnivorous demosponges of the family Cladorhizidae of mycalinan Poecilosclerida.[1] Neocladia was long considered a junior synonym, but has recently become accepted as a distinct genus.[2]
33 named species are placed in this genus at present, but at least two additional undescribed ones are known to exist, while some of the described ones are known only from a few specimens or (e.g. the enigmatic Chondrocladia occulta) just a single one, and their validity and/or placement in Chondrocladia is doubtful. Chondrocladia sponges are stipitate, with a stalk frequently anchored in the substrate by rhizoids and an egg-shaped body, sometimes with branches that end in inflatable spheres.[3][4]
Fossils assignable to this genus are known since the Pleistocene,[5] less than 2 million years ago. But given its deep sea habitat, Chondrocladia may well have been around for much longer – perhaps since the Mesozoic, as characteristic spicules (termed "microcricorhabds" or "trochirhabds"), almost identical to those of some living Chondrocladia, are known from Early Jurassic rocks almost 200 million years old.[4]
Contents
Carnivory
These sponges gained media attention when a new species, a gourd-shaped carnivorous sponge, was featured in reports of finds off the coast of Antarctica. The new Chondrocladia was one of 76[citation needed] sponge species identified in the seas off Antarctica by the Antarctic Benthic Deep-Sea Biodiversity Project (ANDEEP) between 2002 and 2005, conducted aboard the German research vessel Polarstern.[6][7]
Carnivorous sponges, which use hooked spicules to capture small crustaceans, have been known only since 1995, when Asbestopluma hypogea, another genus of the family Cladorhizidae, was identified in Mediterranean sea caves offshore La Ciotat (France).[8] Carnivory has since turned out to be common and typical for this sponge family.[9][2] Unlike their relatives, Chondrocladia still possesses the water flow system and choanocytes typical of sponges, albeit highly modified to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey.[2][4]
Species
The known species of Chondrocladia are:[4][1]
C. alaskensis and C. pulchra are better placed in Crambe[3] or Monanchora.[1]
C. dura, C. ramosa and C. sessilis are junior synonyms of Iotrochota purpurea.[1]
C. flabelliformis is now in Neocladia.[2][1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links
- Photo of Chondrocladia lampadiglobus, the Ping-pong Tree Sponge, from The Deep by Claire Nouvian
