Cockburn (surname)

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Clan Cockburn
File:Clan member crest badge - Clan Cockburn.svg
Crest: A cock crowing Proper
Motto ACCENDIT CANTU [from Latin: "He rouses us with song"].
Profile
Region Scottish Borders
Animal Cockerel
Cokborgne blason.png
Clan Cockburn has no chief, and is an armigerous clan
Seat Langton
Historic seat Cockburn

Cockburn /ˈkoʊbərn/ is a Scottish surname that originated in the Borders region of the Scottish Lowlands. In the United States most branches of the same family have adopted the simplified spelling 'Coburn'; other branches have altered the name slightly to 'Cogburn'. The French branch of the family uses the spelling 'de Cockborne', with the middle "ck" being pronounced.

Family origins

The Cockburn surname had appeared by the early 13th century, when it was employed to identify individuals from a district or location called Cockburn (modern spelling). The name Cockburn has been viewed as originating from the juxtaposition of 'Cock', derived from the Old English word 'cocc' meaning 'moor-cock', 'wild bird' or 'hill', with 'burn' derived from the old word 'burna' meaning 'brook' or 'stream'.[1] There are several possible candidates for this geographical name including: a former 'Cokoueburn' district in early medieval Roxburghshire; a place called 'Calkesburne' that was mentioned in a charter from 1162 to 1190 that awarded the land of Hermanston in East Lothian;[2] the hill called Cockburn Law, north of present-day Duns in Berwickshire, which was fortified in Iron Age times; and the town of Cockburnspath, originally known as 'Kolbrand's Path', on the eastern coast of Scotland. There are several Cockburn placenames that are located near Cockburn Law along Whiteadder Water including Cockburn farm, Cockburn Mill, and the now ruined farm Cockburn East. A Cockburn Tower reportedly existed in this same general area. It is unclear, however, whether this region in Berwickshire is in fact the true origin of the family name.

File:An information plaque at Cockburn's Tomb - geograph.org.uk - 1257004.jpg
Modern-day plaque marking the tomb of Perys de Cokburne and his wife Marjory at the site of the now lost Chapel Knowe. The heavily weathered tomb is believed to date from the 14th or 15th centuries. A branch of the Cockburns were lairds of nearby Henderland in Selkirkshire starting in the mid-14th century.

In perhaps the first recorded mention of a Cockburn, a Petro de Cokburne witnessed a charter in the "Register of the House of Soltre" that described a gift of arable land in Lempitlaw, just east of Kelso in Roxburghshire in about 1190–1220, during the reign of King William "the Lion" (1165–1214).[3][4] However, the dating of this document has been recently revised to 1251–1274.[5] A Robert de Cockburn is mentioned as a ‘serviens’ (servant or sergeant) in a charter, dating from 1232 to 1242, in which land is granted to the Chapel of St. Nicholas, next to a bridge over the River Spey in Moray.[6] The knight Sir Roberto de Cokeburn (perhaps the same Robert) is mentioned in a charter that was prepared in Chirnside on 4 November 1261 during the reign of Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar (1248–1270).[7] Sir Roberto de Cokeburne is mentioned in another charter (dated to 1269–1289) as being the constable of the royal burgh of Roxburgh.[8] A Petro de Kokeburne is mentioned on a document, dated from 15 May 1285, that records the sale of land to Kelso Abbey, near Roxburgh.[9] In the mid 13th century, the landowner Johannes de Kocburn (John de Cockburn) granted land near his property at Collessie in Fife to Lindores Abbey.[10] In the summer of 1296, along with the bulk of the Scottish nobility and senior clergy, Pieres de Cokeburn and Thomas de Cokeburn 'del counte de Rokesburgh' signed the Ragman Roll pledging their allegiance to King Edward I of England. However, it appears that at least one other Cockburn landowner incurred the disfavor of Longshanks at about this time. In a charter dated March 20, 1312, King Edward II restored to Nigel de Cockburn his former land in Meget (likely the same land, along the Megget Water in Selkirkshire, that later became known as Henderland).[11] This land had been awarded to another man by the previous English king because Nigel had been declared a rebel. Possibly Nigel de Cockburn had chosen to avoid signing the Ragman Roll back in 1296. Perhaps Edward II was attempting to secure new Scottish allies prior to his next invasion of Scotland because in the same charter the king restored land to eleven other former Scottish rebels.

Historically there have been many alternative spellings of the family name. Early medieval spellings included 'Cokburne', 'Cokeburne', 'Kokeburne' and other variations. In Scotland the spelling of the family name had stabilized to 'Cockburn' by the late 17th century, and this is the spelling most commonly used today in British Commonwealth countries. In the United States, the simplified spelling 'Coburn' is more widely used than 'Cockburn'. In Cumberland, England, the 'Cockbain' family emerged from Scottish Cockburn ancestors.[12] A branch of the family was established in France in the 16th century by mercenary soldiers. In 1494, a Thomas Cocquebourne was serving as an archer in the Garde Écossaise, which was the personal bodyguard of the King of France.[13] Many more Cockburn mercenaries served the Kings of France in this elite unit over the next century. Cockburn descendants in France today use the family name 'de Cockborne'. Another branch of the family used the name Cokborgne and formed part of the nobility of Champagne.[14] The early 17th century mercenary leader Samuel Cockburn used the spelling 'Cobron' while working for the King of Sweden. In the late 17th century, a Cockburn merchant established a German branch of the family, which adopted the surname 'Kabrun' in the Hanseatic port of Danzig.[15] A great-grandson of this Scottish-German Kabrun was the wealthy merchant and renowned book collector, art collector and philanthropist Jacob Kabrun Jr. (1759–1814).[16]

The Cockburn name was well known in the English possessions of the Caribbean from the 17th century onwards. By the early 18th century, Cockburns were living in the Bahamas, Barbados[17] and Jamaica. Cockburn Town, the capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands, was founded in 1681 by salt traders from the Bahamas. Dr. James Cockburn (b. c1659 in Langton, Scotland – d. 1718 in Jamaica), Dr. Thomas Cockburn (1700-c1769) and Dr. James Cockburn (c1770-1798) were three generations of medical doctors from the same Cockburn family in Jamaica. The first doctor in this line was the third son of Sir Archibald Cockburn, 2nd Baronet of Langton. Admiral Sir George Cockburn led successful naval operations against the French and Spanish in the Caribbean during the Napoleonic Wars. Sir Francis Cockburn was a colonial administrator in both the British Honduras (1830–37) and the Bahamas (1837-4). Cockburn Town, the administrative center of San Salvador Island in the Bahamas, was named after Sir Francis. Some Scottish Cockburn men settled in the area and married Caribbean women, and their descendants live today in Trinidad and Tobago and elsewhere in the Caribbean and North America.

Cockburn Y-DNA testing project

The emerging technique of Y-DNA testing has been used to research the Scottish roots of the Cockburn family.[18] Y-DNA testing has confirmed close links between the Cockburn family and the Cockbain family in Northern England.[19] Y-DNA testing has also confirmed that most, if not all, American Cogburns are descended from the Scottish Cockburn family.

The Cockburn surname originally referred to a place name in a border region that saw the passage over many centuries of peaceful migrants, pilgrims and traders as well as hostile raiders and invading armies, so it is no surprise that several distinct genetic branches have been confirmed by Y-DNA testing of Cockburn men. Non-paternity events will inevitably introduce new genetic lines into a surname over time, even if the surname actually originated from one man. Remarkably, most Cockburn men do indeed appear to be descended from one man; this man was in turn descended from an Anglo-Saxon family group that accounts for many men in the modern-day Dunbar family, in particular Dunbars who are known to be descended from the Anglo-Saxon Earls of Dunbar and their ancestor, Earl Gospatric I of Northumbria.[20] [21] The Cockburn men and the men from this particular branch of the Dunbar family are all members of the R-L257 Y-haplogroup.[22] R-L257 is in turn a subclade of the much more widespread Germanic haplogroup R-U106.[23] The distribution of R-U106 men corresponds roughly with the expected distribution of the Anglo-Saxon peoples, with relatively high densities in Frisia in the Netherlands, England, Scotland, northern Germany, Denmark and Norway. Anglo-Saxon Cockburn men carry the mutations characteristic of the L-R257 haplogroup, but they also carry a mutation in the DYS464X multi-copy palindromic marker that distinguishes them from the Dunbars and all other R-L257 families.[24] Cockburn men have the "c-g-g-g" nucleotide pattern in the flanking region of the DYS464X marker, which is distinct from the "c-c-g-g" pattern seen in all R-L257 Dunbar men. Thus there appears to be a strong genetic test for Anglo-Saxon Cockburn ancestry: membership in R-L257 together with presence of the "c-g-g-g" flanking pattern in the DYS464X marker. A common male ancestor of the Anglo-Saxon Cockburns must have introduced the stable single nucleotide polyporphism (SNP) mutation in the DYS464X flanking region from the ancestral allele "c" to the derived allele "g". The genetic test results, combined with conventional records of the Cockburn landowners, suggest that the common ancestor of the Anglo-Saxon Cockburns was Sir Alexander de Cokburne in the 14th century, or one of his immediate ancestors. Narrowing down when the DYS464X mutation occurred is one of the priorities of the Cockburn genetic genealogy testing project.

Although most Cockburn men, and possibly all Cogburn men, are in the Anglo-Saxon R-L257 haplogroup, a significant fraction of Cockburns and Coburns have been confirmed in genetic tests to be members of other Y-haplogroups.[18] In particular, several distinct lineages of Cockburns in the Germanic-Celtic R-P312 haplogroup have been found. One American Coburn has been found to be from the Scandinavian-Viking haplogroup I21b. Interestingly, one Caribbean Cockburn has been tested to be from the Balkan haplogroup E-V13. This finding may be due to the presence of Balkan soldier-settlers recruited by the Romans to guard the northern frontier of Britannia.[25] Cockburn, Coburn and Cogburn members of additional Y-haplogroups can be expected as more male family members are tested.

The rise and fall of the Cockburn landowners

In 13th-century written charters, several Cockburns appear as landowners in Roxburghshire and Fifeshire. The land around Cockburn Law in Berwickshire was possibly the location of the residence of the 13th-century Pieres de Cokeburn; however, the nearby land may have been held by Cockburns as vassals of a more powerful land-owning family, such as the Dunbars. Cockburn Tower, a small fortified house (now a ruin) that occupied a site on the southern slope Cockburn Law overlooking the Whiteadder Water, was the seat of the Cockburns of that Ilk from about 1527 to 1696. The surrounding land was purchased in about 1527 by William Cockburn from Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford.[26] The Tower and surrounding land were auctioned off in 1696 to pay off the debts of Sir James Cockburn of that Ilk.

In 1330, Sir Alexander de Cokburne became the Baron of Langton (in Berwickshire), Carriden (in West Lothian) and Bolton (in East Lothian) following his marriage to the wealthy Anglo-Norman heiress Mariota de Veteriponte (also known as Maria de Vipont).[27] The Langton estate was located to the southwest of Duns, about 6 km from Cockburn Tower. Sir Alexander's second marriage to the heiress Maria de Monfode added the estate of Skirling (in Peeblesshire). The greatly enlarged Cockburn lands were split up among Sir Alexander's three sons; however, the barony of Langton and Carriden remained with the eldest son Alexander. For the next 400 years, the Cockburns of Langton were prominent landowners in Berwickshire. Other branches of the family acquired estates in Ormiston and Clerkington (just southwest of Haddington) in East Lothian. The Cockburns of Henderland held land along Megget Water in the southwestern part of Selkirkshire, while the Cockburns of Skirling held land in the western part of Peebleshire.

William Cockburn of Henderland was a notorious border reiver in early part of the 16th century. His well-known thievery and his purported close connections with his English counterparts just south of the border made him a target for the young King James V, who wished to clearly establish his authority over the more lawless parts of his kingdom. William Cockburn was arrested in 1530, taken to Edinburgh, tried, convicted of treason and beheaded.[28] His lands and property were forfeited to the Crown. His son, also a William, succeeded in regaining his family's estate following an appeal in 1542 to the Regent, James, 2nd Earl of Arran. However, his great-great-grandson, Samuel Cockburn, found it necessary to sell the Henderland estate in 1634.

By the middle of the 18th century, as a result of financial difficulties, the Langton and Ormiston branches of the Cockburn family lost most of their land holdings.[29] Sir Archibald Cockburn, 4th Baronet of Langton borrowed increasing sums of money, primarily from the Cockburn of Cockburn branch of the family, to help finance ambitious agricultural reforms on his Langton estate. These financial difficulties were not resolved by the three succeeding baronets of Langton. At time of the death of Sir Alexander Cockburn, 7th Baronet at Fontenoy in 1745, the financial situation of the Langton branch had become critical. In 1747, his heir, Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet, was unable to fend off the claims of his creditors, which included Sir James Cockburn, 3rd Baronet Cockburn of that Ilk, Thomas Hay, and others. The decision of the Lords of Session in Scotland in favor of the creditors was appealed to the House of Lords in London, but the earlier decision was upheld.[30] The resulting bankruptcy led to the auctioning off of the Estate of Langton, which was purchased in 1757 by David Gavin.[31] Despite the loss of their land, the Langton branch of the Cockburn family would continue to be prominent in Great Britain well into the 19th century, but now in the military and judicial arenas. The Cockburn of Langton baronetcy went dormant in 1880 when the 12th Baronet, Sir Alexander Cockburn, died without legitimate issue.

The Ormiston branch of the Cockburn family stems from the marriage in 1370 of John Cokburne, second son of Sir Alexander de Cokburne, to Johanetta de Lyndessay, an heiress who owned the estate of Ormiston in East Lothian. John Cockburn of Ormiston and his brother Ninian Cockburn were Protestant supporters of the Scottish Reformation and came to support the English cause in 1548 during the war of the Rough Wooing. John Cockburn of Ormiston was another enthusiastic proponent for the modernization of Scottish agricultural practice. The financial consequences of his plans were as ruinous to the Ormiston branch of the Cockburns as they were to the Langton branch. He attempted to demonstrate the benefits of his reforms in a model community at Ormiston. His ambitious schemes ran into financial difficulties and he was required to sell the estate of Ormiston in 1747 to John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun.

Notable Cockburns

Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet Cockburn of Langton
Sir Alexander Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, 12th Baronet Cockburn of Langton
Devereux Plantagenet Cockburn; † 1850 (in Rome)

Notable members of the Cockburn family include:

Cockburn baronetcies

There have been two Cockburn Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia.[34]

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ↑ Norman Dixon, The Placenames of Midlothian, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, May 1947.
  2. ↑ Paradox of Medieval Scotland (PoMS) Document 3/416/19
  3. ↑ Carta Florie relicte quondam Ade Quintini de donacione terrarum de Welflat in territorio de Lympetlaw, 9th charter in Registrum Domus de Soltre, published with notes in English by the Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1861.
  4. ↑ Entry for Cockburn in the Internet Surname Database www.surnamedb.com
  5. ↑ PoMS Document 3/487/1
  6. ↑ PoMS Document 3/414/4
  7. ↑ PoMS Document 3/15/79
  8. ↑ PoMS Document 3/277/3
  9. ↑ PoMS Document 3/495/3
  10. ↑ PoMS Document 3/148/1
  11. ↑ PoMS Document 1/28/0
  12. ↑ Henry Harrison, Surnames of the United Kingdom: A Concise Etymological Dictionary, Clearfield Co, 1996 (first published 1912–18), ISBN 0-8063-0171-6.
  13. ↑ William Forbes-Leith, The Scots men-at-arms and life-guards in France, William Paterson, Edinburgh, 1882.
  14. ↑ fr:Armorial des familles de Champagne, Retrieved 9 January 2015[better source needed]
  15. ↑ Thomas A. Fischer, The Scots in Germany: Being a Contribution Towards the History of the Scot Abroad, Otto Schulze & Co., Edinburgh, 1902.
  16. ↑ Patrick Bridgwater, Arthur Schopenhauer's English Schooling, Routledge, London, Dec. 1988, p. 270, ISBN 0-415-00743-7.
  17. ↑ On 1 October 1704, John Cockburn married Susanna Moore in Christ Church parish, Barbados, IGI source film 1157933, batch no. M51394-3.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Gospatric led an unsuccessful rebellion against William the Conqueror in 1072 and he was forced to flee the country. In the mid 1070s Gospatric was given refuge north of the border in Scotland by King Malcolm III of Scotland. Gospatric probably already controlled land north of the border, which had frequently been under the control of earlier kings and earls of Northumbria. Perhaps Malcolm III was influenced by his Anglo-Saxon queen Margaret of Wessex, now known as Saint Margaret of Scotland, to provide refuge to Gospatric at the risk of incurring the wrath of King William.
  22. ↑ This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the L257, also called S186, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Y chromosome. The R-L257 haplogroup has been given different full names by different organizations. The major genetic testing company Family Tree DNA (FT-DNA) uses the full name R1b1a2a1a1a8 for haplogroup L257. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) uses the full name R1b1a2a1a1b1a1 for the same haplogroup. Such differences in naming arise because of the different phylogenetic trees used by the two organizations.
  23. ↑ Haplogroup R-U106 is defined by the presence of the U106, also called M405 and S21, SNP. FT-DNA uses the full name R1b1a2a1a1a for this haplogroup whereas the ISOGG uses the full name R1b1a2a1a1.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Steven C. Bird, 'Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin', Journal of Genetic Genealogy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 26-46, 2007.
  26. ↑ Laurence H. Cleat, Castles of the Cockburns, History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, vol. 47, no. 2, 1997, pp. 152-159
  27. ↑ McAndrew, Bruce A., Scotland's Historic Heraldry, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, U.K., 2006, ISBN 1-84383-261-5.
  28. ↑ Cockburn, Sir Robert Cockburn Bt. and Harry A. Cockburn, The Records of the Cockburn Family, T. N. Foulis, London, 1913.
  29. ↑ Thomas Cockburn-Hood, The house of Cockburn of that ilk and the cadets thereof: with historical anecdotes of the times in which many of the name played a conspicuous part, Scott and Ferguson, Edinburgh, 1888
  30. ↑ House of Lords Journal, v. 28, pp. 381-391, March, 1755.
  31. ↑ Gavin relocated the ancient but ramshackle hamlet of Langton away from his manor to the new townsite of Gavinton.
  32. ↑ Bruce Cockburn, Rumours of Glory, HarperCollins Publishers, Toronto, 2014.
  33. ↑ Cockburn, Sir Robert Cockburn Bt. and Harry A. Cockburn, The Records of the Cockburn Family, T. N. Foulis, London, 1913.
  34. ↑ Thomas Cockburn-Hood, The house of Cockburn of that ilk and the cadets thereof: with historical anecdotes of the times in which many of the name played a conspicuous part, Scott and Ferguson, Edinburgh, 1888.

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