Close-mid front unrounded vowel

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Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA Number 302
Encoding
Entity (decimal) e
Unicode (hex) U+0065
X-SAMPA e
Braille ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".[citation needed]

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|i]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|y]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɨ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʉ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|u]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʏ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ̈]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ̽]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɘ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ə]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɛ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|œ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɜ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʌ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɔ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|æ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɐ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|a]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɶ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ä]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɑ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ]]
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[1] meter [ˈmëˑtɐr] 'meter' Near-front. Allophone of /eə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ëə̯ ~ ë̯ə ~ ëə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Egyptian ليه [leː] 'why' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Gulf ليش [leːʃ] See Arabic phonology
Levantine
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic h [heː] 'yes' Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [] in other varieties.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed]
Catalan[3] séc [s̠ek] 'fold' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese /bei6 [pei˨˨] 'nose' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin /fēi [feɪ̯˥] 'to fly' See Standard Chinese phonology
Wu /ge [ɡe˩˧] 'lean'
Czech Bohemian[4] byli [ˈbele] 'they were' Also described as near-close near-front [ɪ];[5] corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[4] See Czech phonology
Brno accent[6] led [let] 'ice' Corresponds to [ɛ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɛ̝̈] in standard Czech.[7] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[8][9][10][11][12] hæl [ˈheːˀl] 'heel' Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ[13] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [] in the conservative variety.[14] See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[15] vreemd [vreːmt] 'strange' In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
Northeastern
Standard
Netherlandic
English Australian[16] bed [bed] 'bed' See Australian English phonology
General Indian[17] play [pl̥e(ː)] 'play'
General Pakistani[18] Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
Multicultural London[19]
Scottish[20]
Singaporean[21]
Tyneside[22]
Ulster[23] Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
Cardiff[24] kit [ke̠t] 'kit' Near-front;[24] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects.
Faroese eg [eː] 'I'
French[25] beauté [bot̪e] 'beauty' See French phonology
Galician tres [t̪ɾes] 'three'
Georgian[26] მეფ [mɛpʰej] 'king'
German Standard[27] Seele Audio file "de-Seele.OGG" not found 'soul' See German phonology
Hindustani दे / دے [d̪eː] 'give!' See Hindustani phonology
Icelandic[28][29][30] vinur [ˈveːnөr] 'friend' Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology
Italian[31] stelle [ˈs̪t̪elle] 'stars' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[32] [ˈkɾe] 'thigh'
Korean 베다/beda [ˈpeːda] 'to cut' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Most dialects[33][34][35] leef [leːf] 'dear' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Rural Weerts[36] beek [beːk] 'stream' Corresponds to /iə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /eː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /eə/.[37]
Luxembourgish[38][39] drécken [ˈdʀekən] 'to push' Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].[39] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay bebek [bebeʔ] 'duck' See Malay phonology
North Frisian ween [ʋeːn] 'blue'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[40] le [l̪eː] 'laugh' Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Polish[41] dzień <phonos file="pl-dzień.ogg">[ˈd͡ʑeɲ̟]</phonos> 'day' Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[42] mesa [ˈmezɐ] 'table' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਸੇਬ [seːb] 'apple'
Romanian Muntenian dialects[43] vezi [vezi][stress?] 'eyelash' Corresponds to mid [] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[44] шея <phonos file="Ru-шея.ogg">[ˈʂejə]</phonos> 'neck' Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[45] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.[45]
Slovak Dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[46] dcéra [ˈt͡seːrä] 'daughter' In standard Slovak, the backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as mid [e̞ː] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology
Standard[48]
Swedish se <phonos file="Sv-se.ogg">[s̪eː]</phonos> 'see' See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese tê [te] 'numb' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian[49] ik [ek] 'I' Also described as mid [];[50] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[51] [example needed]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[52] [example needed] Occurs mostly after [i], otherwise the vowel is central [ɘ].

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lass (1987), p. 119.
  2. Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
  5. Dankovičová (1999:72)
  6. Palková (1999:187)
  7. Dankovičová (1999:72)
  8. Grønnum (1998:100)
  9. Grønnum (2005:268)
  10. Grønnum (2003)
  11. Basbøll (2005:45)
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  14. Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  15. Verhoeven (2005:245)
  16. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  17. Wells (1982:626)
  18. Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
  19. Gimson (2014:91)
  20. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  21. Deterding (2000:?)
  22. Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
  23. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. 24.0 24.1 Coupland (1990:93)
  25. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  26. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  27. Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  28. Árnason (2011:60)
  29. Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  30. Haugen (1958:65)
  31. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  32. Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  33. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  34. Peters (2006:119)
  35. Verhoeven (2007:221)
  36. Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
  37. Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
  38. Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
  39. 39.0 39.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  40. Vanvik (1979:13)
  41. Jassem (2003:106)
  42. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  43. Pop (1938), p. 29.
  44. Jones & Ward (1969:44)
  45. 45.0 45.1 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  46. Kráľ (1988:92)
  47. Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
  48. Pavlík (2004:95)
  49. Tiersma (1999:10)
  50. Sipma (1913:10)
  51. Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  52. Merrill (2008:109–10)

Bibliography

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