Close front unrounded vowel

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Close front unrounded vowel
i
IPA Number 301
Encoding
Entity (decimal) i
Unicode (hex) U+0069
X-SAMPA i
Braille ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)

The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English[1]—although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong) – a purer [i] sound is heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.

The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant [j]. The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [i̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [j] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|i]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|y]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɨ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʉ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|u]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʏ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ̈]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ̽]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɘ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ə]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɛ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|œ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɜ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʌ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɔ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|æ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɐ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|a]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɶ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ä]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɑ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ]]
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view
  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[2] دين [d̪iːn] 'religion' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[3] իմ [im] 'my'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[4] [example needed]
Catalan[5] sis [ˈs̠is̠] 'six' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[6] /qī <phonos file="Zh-qī.ogg">[tɕʰi˥]</phonos> 'seven' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech Moravian[7] byli [ˈbili] 'they were' Corresponds to [e] (also described as [ɪ])[8] in Bohemian Czech.[7] See Czech phonology
Standard[8][9] bílý <phonos file="Cs-bílý.ogg">[ˈbiːliː]</phonos> 'white' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[10][11][12] mile [ˈmiːlə] 'dune' See Danish phonology
Dutch[13] biet <phonos file="Nl-biet.ogg">[bit]</phonos> 'beet' See Dutch phonology
English[14] free <phonos file="En-us-free.ogg">[fɹiː]</phonos> 'free' Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as a diphthong. See English phonology
Estonian[15] tiik [tiːk] 'pond' See Estonian phonology
Finnish[16][17] viisi [ˈviːsi] 'five' See Finnish phonology
French[18] fini [fini] 'finished' See French phonology
Georgian[19] სამ [ˈsɑmi] 'three'
German Standard[20] Ziel <phonos file="De-Ziel.ogg">[t͡siːl]</phonos> 'goal' See German phonology
Hindustani बच्ची [bət͡ʃiː] 'girl' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian[21] ív [iːv] 'arch' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[22][23][24] fínt [fin̥t] 'fine' See Icelandic phonology
Italian[25] bile [ˈbiːle] 'rage' See Italian phonology
Japanese[26] /gin <phonos file="ja-gin.ogg">[ɡʲiɴ]</phonos> 'silver' See Japanese phonology
Kaingang[27] [ˈndukːi] 'in the belly'
Limburgish[28][29][30][31] bies [bis] 'animal' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Luxembourgish[32][33] Kiischt [kʰiːʃt] 'cherry' See Luxembourgish phonology
Polish[34] miś <phonos file="Pl-miś-2.ogg">[ˈmʲiɕ]</phonos> 'teddy bear' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[35] fino [ˈfinu] 'thin' Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology
Russian[36] лист <phonos file="Ru-лист.ogg">[lʲis̪t̪]</phonos> 'leaf' Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Sema[37] pi [pì] 'to say' Also described as near-close front [].[38]
Shiwiar[39] [example needed]
Sioux Lakota[40][41] ǧí [ʀí] 'it's brown'
Slovak[42] rýchly [ˈriːxli] 'fast' Backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as near-close [ɪ] instead.[43] See Slovak phonology
Spanish[44] tipo [ˈt̪ipo̞] 'type' May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology
Thai[45] กริช [krìt] 'dagger'
Turkish[46][47] ip [ip] 'rope' See Turkish phonology
Yoruba[48] [example needed]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[49] diza [d̪iza] 'Zapotec'

References

  1. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. Thelwall (1990:38)
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  4. Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  6. Lee & Zee (2003:110))
  7. 7.0 7.1 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
  8. 8.0 8.1 Dankovičová (1999:72)
  9. Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228)
  10. Grønnum (2005:268)
  11. Basbøll (2005:45)
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Wells's impression is that this vowel is slightly centralized [ï].
  13. Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  14. Roach (2004:240)
  15. Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  16. Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  17. Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  18. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  19. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  20. Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  21. Szende (1994:92)
  22. Árnason (2011:60)
  23. Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  24. Haugen (1958:65)
  25. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  26. Okada (1991:94)
  27. Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  28. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  29. Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
  30. Peters (2006:119)
  31. Verhoeven (2007:221)
  32. Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
  33. Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  34. Jassem (2003:105)
  35. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  36. Jones & Ward (1969:30)
  37. Teo (2014:27)
  38. Teo (2012:368)
  39. Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  40. Rood & Taylor (1996)
  41. Lakota Language Consortium (2004). ALPHABET alphabet.htm Lakota letters and sounds.
  42. Pavlík (2004:95)
  43. Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
  44. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  45. Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
  46. Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
  47. Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  48. Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  49. Merrill (2008:109)

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.