Cogender
Cogender (also spelled "co-gender", with adjectival form "co-gendered") is a term customarily applied by anthropologists.[1]
Contents
Mapuchen
In Chile, among the Mapuche in La Araucanía, in addition to heterosexual female "machi" shamanesses, there are homosexual male "machi weye" shamans, who wear female clothing.[2] These machi weye were first described in Spanish in a chronicle of 1673 A.D.[3] Among the Mapuche, "the spirits are interested in machi's gendered discourses and performances, not in the sex under the machi's clothes."[4] In attracting the filew (possessing-spirit), "Both male and female machi become spiritual brides who seduce and call their filew -- at once husband and master -- to possess their heads ... . ... The ritual transvestism of male machi ... draws attention to the relational gender categories of spirit husband and machi wife as a couple (kurewen)."[5] (In ISKCON—the International Society for Kṛṣṇa Consciousness—male premin-devotees are likewise regarded as quasi-female "wives" of the god Kṛṣṇa.) As concerning "co-gendered identities"[6] of "machi as co-gender specialists",[7] it has been speculated that "female berdaches" may have formerly existed among the Mapuche.[8]
Indonesia
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.[9] Among the Iban of Sarawak (in the island of Borneo, Indonesia), there are homosexual male shamans.
Notes
- ↑ e.g. Walter & Fridman, 2004. p. 134 http://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=%22co-gendered%22&source=bl&ots=hF2ok-12G3&sig=Q5QQLFRR9r6iuuvWECot1jyMOqA&hl=en&ei=iWyoSZm1GpDamQfIkMXsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result
- ↑ Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 111-114
- ↑ Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán : Cautiverio felíz y razón de las guerras dilatadas de Chile. Santiago : Imprenta el Ferrocarril, 1863.
- ↑ http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archives/vol38/vol38n24/articles/BacigalupoShamens.html
- ↑ Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 87
- ↑ Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 131-133
- ↑ http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exbacsha.html
- ↑ Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 268, n. 5:18
- ↑ VERHANDLINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE, 229 = Kees Buijs : Powers of Blessing from the Wilderness and from Heaven. KITLV Pr, Leiden, 2006. p. 140
References
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