Cold Bay, Alaska

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Cold Bay
Udaamagax
City
Aerial view of Cold Bay taken during the late 20th century. Cold Bay Airport's runways are visible.
Aerial view of Cold Bay taken during the late 20th century. Cold Bay Airport's runways are visible.
Cold Bay is located in Alaska
Cold Bay
Cold Bay
Location in Alaska
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country United States
State Alaska
Borough Aleutians East
Incorporated January 1982
Government
 • Type Mayor-council
 • Mayor Candace Schaack (acting)
 • State senator Lyman Hoffman (D)
 • State rep. Bryce Edgmon (D)
Area
 • Total 70.9 sq mi (183.7 km2)
 • Land 54.4 sq mi (140.8 km2)
 • Water 16.6 sq mi (42.9 km2)
Elevation 138 ft (42 m)
Population (2010)[1]
 • Total 109
 • Estimate (2015) 60
Time zone Alaska (AKST) (UTC-9)
 • Summer (DST) AKDT (UTC-8)
ZIP code 99571
Area code 907 (local prefix: 532)
FIPS code 02-16530
Website http://www.coldbay.org

Cold Bay (Udaamagax in Aleut)[2] is a city in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 108.

Cold Bay is one of the main commercial centers of the Alaska Peninsula, and is home to Cold Bay Airport.

History

There is evidence of prehistoric occupation by Aleuts and later Russian encampments. Cold Bay's American history began with the Japanese invasion of the Aleutians in World War II. General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. ordered the creation of Fort Randall, an airbase on the shores of Cold Bay, in 1942 as a part of a general expansion of American assets in the Aleutians. It (along with Otter Point) served as a base for the 11th Air Force to provide protection to the only deep water port in the Aleutians at the time, Dutch Harbor. This protection was proved necessary when during Yamamoto's Midway Campaign a diversionary attack was launched against Dutch Harbor. The initial attack was repulsed by the surprise presence of P-40s stationed here. A second larger attack with its own fighter escort the next day succeeded in causing minor damage. Later, with the victory in the Pacific, the forces grew to 20,000 troops. The quonset huts used to house this massive encampment still stand around the community today. It also was a base of operations for the US Navy with the USS Casco among those based in Cold Bay[3]

In the spring and summer of 1945, Cold Bay was the site of the largest and most ambitious transfer program of World War II, Project Hula, in which the United States transferred dozens of ships and craft to the Soviet Union and trained Soviet personnel in their operation in anticipation of the Soviet Union entering the war against Japan.

In later decades, control of the airfield passed to civil authorities, who maintained it as a particularly useful location for fueling and emergency landing needs on great circle flights from the west coast of the United States to East Asia. A Distant Early Warning Line station was established nearby and eventually was decommissioned.

During the 1980s, deregulation of the airline industry under President Ronald Reagan caused many of the compelling interests[who?] supporting the need for the community to evaporate. Today, Cold Bay functions as a hub for traffic from Anchorage and Seattle to the small communities around it, and continues to serve as an emergency runway for aircraft flying over the North Pacific.

On 30 October 2013, Delta Air Lines Flight 208 made an emergency landing at Cold Bay Airport after a warning message appeared on an engine control panel. A second aircraft from Seattle was sent to pick up the passengers and take them to their intended destination, San Francisco. Passengers were allowed to stay in Cold Bay's community center while they waited for the plane from Seattle.

Geography

Cold Bay is located at Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (55.209038, -162.714298).[4] It is west of Hawaii.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 70.9 square miles (184 km2), of which, 54.4 square miles (141 km2) of it is land and 16.6 square miles (43 km2) of it (23.34%) is water.

Cold Bay holds the record for most overcast community in America.[5]

Climate

Cold Bay has the typical subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) of southwest Alaska, though the winters are almost cold enough to qualify as a subarctic climate (Dfc) and the summers are almost cool enough to qualify as a polar climate (ET). Cold Bay is considered the cloudiest place in the United States, with an average of 304 days of heavy overcast (covering over 3/4 of the sky).[6]

Climate data for Cold Bay, Alaska
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 51
(11)		 50
(10)		 56
(13)		 60
(16)		 67
(19)		 72
(22)		 77
(25)		 78
(26)		 76
(24)		 69
(21)		 59
(15)		 54
(12)		 78
(26)
Average high °F (°C) 33.1
(0.6)		 32.0
(0)		 34.8
(1.6)		 37.9
(3.3)		 44.4
(6.9)		 50.4
(10.2)		 55.1
(12.8)		 55.9
(13.3)		 52.2
(11.2)		 44.3
(6.8)		 38.9
(3.8)		 35.3
(1.8)		 42.9
(6.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 28.6
(−1.9)		 27.4
(−2.6)		 29.9
(−1.2)		 33.3
(0.7)		 39.6
(4.2)		 45.7
(7.6)		 50.5
(10.3)		 51.5
(10.8)		 47.7
(8.7)		 39.6
(4.2)		 34.4
(1.3)		 31.0
(−0.6)		 38.3
(3.5)
Average low °F (°C) 24.1
(−4.4)		 22.8
(−5.1)		 25.0
(−3.9)		 28.6
(−1.9)		 34.8
(1.6)		 40.9
(4.9)		 46.0
(7.8)		 47.1
(8.4)		 43.2
(6.2)		 34.8
(1.6)		 29.9
(−1.2)		 26.6
(−3)		 33.7
(0.9)
Record low °F (°C) −8
(−22)		 −9
(−23)		 −13
(−25)		 4
(−16)		 18
(−8)		 29
(−2)		 33
(1)		 33
(1)		 26
(−3)		 10
(−12)		 1
(−17)		 −1
(−18)		 −13
(−25)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.84
(72.1)		 2.27
(57.7)		 2.10
(53.3)		 1.97
(50)		 2.29
(58.2)		 2.10
(53.3)		 2.52
(64)		 3.24
(82.3)		 4.41
(112)		 4.34
(110.2)		 4.19
(106.4)		 3.67
(93.2)		 35.94
(912.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 10.8
(27.4)		 10.6
(26.9)		 10.5
(26.7)		 5.7
(14.5)		 1.6
(4.1)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 2.7
(6.9)		 8.3
(21.1)		 11.2
(28.4)		 61.3
(155.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01-inch) 19.0 17.3 18.0 16.1 17.4 16.0 16.7 19.9 20.7 22.7 21.6 20.6 226
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 inch) 3.6 3.6 3.6 1.8 0.5 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.5 3.6 20.2
Source #1: [7]
Source #2: [8](snowfall means)

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1960 86 —
1980 226 —
1990 148 −34.5%
2000 88 −40.5%
2010 108 22.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]

Cold Bay is a highly transient community, lacking the generational attachment characteristic of the surrounding native villages. Residents, drawn to the area largely by the Wildlife Refuge, Weather Service, or air traffic jobs, rarely stay more than a year in Cold Bay.

2000 census

At the 2000 census, there were 88 people, 36 households and 18 families residing in the city. The population density was 1.6 per square mile (0.6/km²). There were 98 housing units at an average density of 1.8 per square mile (0.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72% White, 3% Black or African American, 17% Native American, 5% Asian, 2%Pacific Islander, and 1%from two or more races. 2%of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 36 households of which 33% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44% were married couples living together, 3%had a female householder with no husband present, and 50% were non-families. 36% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2 and the average family size was 3.

Age distribution was 24% under the age of 18, 9% from 18 to 24, 40% from 25 to 44, 27% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 184 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 205 males.

The median household income was $55,750, and the median family income was $64,375. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $38,333 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,037. There were no families and 27% of the population living below the poverty line, including no one under eighteen or over 64.

Religion

Cold Bay has a significant Baptist population. The city's only church is Cold Bay Community Chapel, a member of the Southern Baptist Convention.[10]

Economy

The Bearfoot Inn

Cold Bay has one store, the Bearfoot Inn Alaska, formerly known as the World Famous Weathered Inn. It supplies groceries to the residents of Cold Bay and other communities within the Aleutians East Borough, although many residents order groceries and supplies from suppliers in Anchorage and Seattle. The Bearfoot Inn also offers lodging with its 8-room hotel and 6-room bunk house. Within the main building there is the Bearfoot Inn Bar which is open 3 to 6 days a week depending on the season. Bearfoot Inn is within walking distance of the airport.

Cold Bay Lodge is the only restaurant in town. The lodge can accommodate up to 40 people, has wireless Internet access, and is less than a mile from the airport.

Culture

Traditions

A major community event is the Silver Salmon Derby, a fishing contest that takes place every fall. Participants vie in both adult and child categories for cash prizes for the largest fish. A raft race and "Polar Bear Jump" are also held. The Derby concludes with a banquet and door prize giveaway in the school gymnasium.

Parks and recreation

Izembek National Wildlife Refuge

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Main article: Izembek National Wildlife Refuge

The 498,000-acre (2,020 km2) Izembek refuge was established in 1960. It encompasses several large lagoons, including the 30-mile (48 km) Izembek Lagoon, which serve as a food source and shelter for a large migratory bird population.

Approximately 130,000 Pacific black brant, 62,000 emperor geese, 50,000 Taverner's Canada geese, 300,000 ducks, and 80,000 shore birds stop over in the Izembek area during migration and as many as 50,000 Steller's eiders find winter grounds there.[11]

Government

Cold Bay was incorporated as a city in January 1982.[12] Cold Bay is classified by the state government as a second-class city.[13] As such, it is governed by a seven-member city council, which elects the city's mayor from among its membership. The current mayor is Candace Schaack, a University of Alaska distance student. Schaack became acting mayor in August 2015 when the incumbent, Jorge Lopez, left Cold Bay and returned to his hometown in northern California.[14] The city clerk is Dawn Lyons.[13]

Mayors

The following individuals have served as the mayor of Cold Bay since its incorporation:

Tenure Name
1982–1984 Monte M. Larsh [15][16]
1984–1985 Donald Dennis [17]
1985–1997 [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
1997–1998 Alan Ellis [18]
1998–1999 Jim Blowers [19]
1999–2004 [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
2004–2010 John Maxwell [20][21][22][23]
2010–2015 Jorge Lopez
2015–present Candace Schaack (acting)

Education

Cold Bay School

The Cold Bay School was the community's public grade school, operated by the Aleutians East Borough School District (AEBSD), until its closure in May 2015. AEBSD's school board voted to close Cold Bay School following the conclusion of the 2014–2015 school year due to a decline in enrollment, which led to the loss of state funding.[14] The school employed one teacher and served between four and nine students in its last years.

In the 1980s, the school typically enrolled around 30 students.[24] In 1985 it reached peak enrollment, with 50 students and four teachers.[24] Despite its remote location, the school was involved in state and national activities, such as hosting the military's "Operation Arctic Care" outreach health program in 2002, and by briefly becoming involved with reporting for CNN Student Bureau that same year.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Road

Cold Bay has approximately 40 miles of gravel roads, and a state-owned paved highway.[13]

Water

The Alaska Marine Highway travels between Cold Bay and Kodiak twice a month between May and October, and cargo ships visit the city monthly from Seattle, Washington.[13] Currently, the city only has a dock and a seaplane base, but the city hopes to develop a breakwater, boat harbor and boat launch.[13]

Air

Cold Bay is serviced by Cold Bay Airport, holding the fifth-largest runway in Alaska,[citation needed] and a second, smaller one. Regional flights occur six times a week.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/cloudiest.php
  6. ↑ http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/cloudiest.php
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Izembek National Wildlife Refuge website
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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