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Crass

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This article is about the British punk band. For the definition of "crass", see crass.
Crass
Crass pete steve andy.png
Crass on stage in Cumbria, United Kingdom, 3 May 1984. Pictured (from left to right): Pete Wright, Steve Ignorant, N.A. Palmer.
Background information
Origin Epping, Essex, England
Genres Anarcho-punk, punk rock, hardcore punk, art punk, free improvisation
Years active 1977–1984
Labels Small Wonder Records, Crass Records, Southern Records
Associated acts Last Amendment, EXIT
Past members Steve Ignorant
Penny Rimbaud
Gee Vaucher
N. A. Palmer
Phil Free
Pete Wright
Eve Libertine
Joy De Vivre
Mick Duffield
John Loder
Steve Herman

Crass were an English collective and punk rock band formed in 1977[1][2] which promoted anarchism as a political ideology, a way of life and a resistance movement. Crass popularised the anarcho-punk movement of the punk subculture, advocating direct action, animal rights and environmentalism. The band used and advocated a DIY punk ethic approach to its sound collages, leaflets, albums and films.

Crass spray-painted stencilled graffiti messages in the London Underground system and on advertising billboards, coordinated squats and organised political action. The band expressed its ideals by dressing in black, military-surplus-style clothing and using a stage backdrop amalgamating icons of perceived authority such as the Christian cross, the swastika, the Union Jack and the ouroboros.

The band was critical of punk subculture[3] and youth culture in general. Crass promoted an anarchism which became more common in the punk-music scene.[4] They are considered art punk[5] in their use of tape collages, graphics, spoken word releases, poetry and improvisation.

History

1977: Origins

Shirtless male singer crouching onstage
Steve Ignorant onstage, June 1981

The band was based around Dial House, an open-house community near Epping, Essex, and formed when Dial House founder Penny Rimbaud began jamming with Steve Ignorant[6] (who was staying in the house at the time). Ignorant was inspired to form a band after seeing The Clash perform at Colston Hall in Bristol,[7] whilst Rimbaud, a veteran of avant garde performance art groups such as EXIT and Ceres Confusion,[8] was working on his book Reality Asylum. They produced "So What?" and "Do They Owe Us A Living?" as a drum-and-vocal duo.[9] They briefly called themselves Stormtrooper[10] before choosing Crass in reference to a line in the David Bowie song "Ziggy Stardust" ("The kids was just crass").[11]

Other friends and household members joined (including Gee Vaucher, Pete Wright, N. A. Palmer and Steve Herman), and Crass played their first live gig at a squatted street festival in Huntley Street, North London. They planned to play five songs, but a neighbour "pulled the plug" after three.[12] Guitarist Steve Herman left the band soon afterwards, and was replaced by Phil Clancey, aka Phil Free.[13] Joy De Vivre and Eve Libertine also joined around this time. Other early Crass performances included a four-date tour of New York City,[14] a festival gig in Covent Garden[15] and regular appearances with the U.K. Subs at The White Lion, Putney and Action Space in central London. The latter performances were often poorly attended: "The audience consisted mostly of us when the Subs played and the Subs when we played".[16]

Crass played two gigs at the Roxy Club in Covent Garden, London.[15] According to Rimbaud, the band arrived drunk at the second show and were ejected from the stage; this inspired their song, "Banned from the Roxy",[17] and Rimbaud's essay for Crass' self-published magazine International Anthem, "Crass at the Roxy".[18] After the incident the band took themselves more seriously, avoiding alcohol and cannabis before shows and wearing black, military surplus-style clothing on and offstage.[19]

They introduced their stage backdrop, a logo designed by Rimbaud's friend Dave King.[20] This gave the band a militaristic image, which led to accusations of fascism.[21] Crass countered that their uniform appearance was intended to be a statement against the "cult of personality", so (in contrast to many rock bands) no member would be identified as the "leader".[21]

File:The Crass logo.png
Crass logo

Conceived and intended as cover artwork for a self-published pamphlet version of Rimbaud's Christ's Reality Asylum,[22] the Crass logo was an amalgam of several "icons of authority" including the Christian cross, the swastika, the Union Jack and a two-headed Ouroboros (symbolising the idea that power will eventually destroy itself).[23][24] Using such deliberately mixed messages was part of Crass' strategy of presenting themselves as a "barrage of contradictions",[25] challenging audiences to (in Rimbaud's words) "make your own fucking minds up".[26] This included using loud, aggressive music to promote a pacifist message,[27] a reference to their Dadaist, performance-art backgrounds and situationist ideas.[28]

The band eschewed elaborate stage lighting during live sets, preferring to play under 40-watt household light bulbs; the technical difficulties of filming under such lighting conditions partly explains why there is little live footage of Crass.[29] They pioneered multimedia presentation, using video technology (back-projected films and video collages by Mick Duffield and Gee Vaucher) to enhance their performances, and also distributed leaflets and handouts explaining anarchist ideas to their audiences.[30]

1978–1979: The Feeding of the 5000 and Crass Records

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Main article: Crass Records

Crass' first release was The Feeding of the 5000 (an 18-track, 12" 45 rpm EP on the Small Wonder label) in 1978. Workers at the record-pressing plant refused to handle it due to the allegedly blasphemous content of the song "Asylum",[31][32] and the record was released without it. In its place were two minutes of silence, entitled "The Sound of Free Speech". This incident prompted Crass to set up their own independent record label, Crass Records, to prevent Small Wonder from being placed in a compromising position and to retain editorial control over their material.[33]

A re-recorded, extended version of "Asylum", renamed "Reality Asylum", was shortly afterwards released on Crass Records as a 7" single and Crass were investigated by the police due to the song's lyrics. The band were interviewed at their Dial House home by Scotland Yard's vice squad, and threatened with prosecution; however, the case was dropped.[16] "Reality Asylum" retailed at 45p (when most other singles cost about 90p),[34] and was the first example of Crass' "pay no more than..." policy: issuing records as inexpensively as possible. The band failed to factor value added tax into their expenses, causing them to lose money on every copy sold.[35] A year later Crass Records released new pressings of "The Feeding of the 5000" (subtitled "The Second Sitting"), restoring the original version of "Asylum".

1980: Stations of the Crass and Bloody Revolutions

Guitarist and singer on stage
Crass, 1981; N. A. Palmer (left) and Steve Ignorant pictured at Digbeth Civic Hall, Birmingham

In 1979 the band released their second album (Stations of the Crass), financed with a loan from Poison Girls,[36] a band with whom they regularly appeared. This was a double album, with three sides of new material and a fourth side recorded live at the Pied Bull in Islington.

The next Crass single, 1980's "Bloody Revolutions", was a benefit release with Poison Girls which raised £20,000 to fund the Wapping Autonomy Centre.[20] The words were a critique (from an anarchist-pacifist perspective) of the traditional Marxist view of revolutionary struggle, and were (in part) a response to violence marring a gig at Conway Hall in London's Red Lion Square at which both bands performed in September 1979.[37] The show was intended as a benefit for the so-called "Persons Unknown", a group of anarchists facing conspiracy charges.[38] During the performance Socialist Workers Party supporters and other anti-fascists attacked British Movement neo-Nazis, triggering violence.[39] Crass afterwards argued that the leftists were largely to blame for the fighting, and organizations such as Rock Against Racism were causing audiences to become polarised into left- and right-wing factions.[40] Others (including the anarchist organisation Class War) were critical of Crass's position, stating that "like Kropotkin, their politics are up shit creek".[41] Many of the band's punk followers felt that they failed to understand the violence to which they were subjected from the right.[42]

File:Crass Joy.jpg
Crass singer Joy De Vivre, 1984

"Rival Tribal Rebel Revel", a flexi disc single given away with the Toxic Grafity [sic] fanzine, was also a commentary about the events at Conway Hall attacking the mindless violence and tribalistic aspects of contemporary youth culture.[43] This was followed by the single, "Nagasaki Nightmare/Big A Little A". The strongly anti-nuclear lyrics of the first song were reinforced by the fold-out-sleeve artwork. It featured an article by Mike Holderness of Peace News magazine connecting the atomic power industry and the manufacture of nuclear weapons,[44] and a large poster-style map of nuclear installations in the UK. The other side of the record, "Big A Little A", was a statement of the band's anti-statist and individualist anarchist philosophy:

"Be exactly who you want to be, do what you want to do / I am he and she is she but you're the only you" [45]

1981: Penis Envy

Magazine record ad
Loving ad for "Our Wedding"

Crass released their third album, Penis Envy, in 1981. This marked a departure from the hardcore-punk image The Feeding of the 5000 and Stations of the Crass had given the group. It featured more-complex musical arrangements and female vocals by Eve Libertine and Joy De Vivre (singer Steve Ignorant was credited as "not on this recording"). The album addressed feminist issues, attacking marriage and sexual repression.

The last track on Penis Envy, a parody of an MOR love song entitled "Our Wedding", was made available as a white flexi disc to readers of Loving, a teenage romance magazine. Crass tricked the magazine into offering the disc, posing as "Creative Recording And Sound Services". Loving accepted the offer, telling their readers that the free Crass flexi would make "your wedding day just that bit extra special".[46] A tabloid controversy resulted when the hoax was exposed, with the News of the World stating that the title of the flexi's originating album was "too obscene to print".[47] Despite Loving's annoyance, Crass had broken no laws.[48]

The album was banned by the retailer HMV,[49] and in 1984 copies of the album were seized from the Eastern Bloc record shop by Greater Manchester Police under the direction of Chief Constable James Anderton.[50] The shop owners were charged with displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain".[51] The judge ruled against Crass in the ensuing court case, although the decision was overturned by the Court of Appeal (except the lyrics to one song, "Bata Motel", which were upheld as "sexually provocative and obscene").[52]

1982–1983: Christ – The Album and strategy change

File:Crass steve dec1981.jpg
Steve Ignorant and N.A. Palmer pictured at the Wapping Autonomy Centre, December 1981

The band's fourth LP, 1982's double set Christ - The Album, took almost a year to record, produce and mix (during which the Falklands War broke out and ended). This caused Crass to question their approach to making records. As a group whose primary purpose was political commentary, they felt overtaken and redundant by world events: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

The speed with which the Falklands War was played out and the devastation that Thatcher was creating both at home and abroad, forced us to respond far faster than we had ever needed to before. Christ – The Album had taken so long to produce that some of the songs in it, songs that warned of the imminence of riots and war, had become almost redundant. Toxteth, Bristol, Brixton and the Falklands were ablaze by the time that we released. We felt embarrassed by our slowness, humbled by our inadequacy.[49]

Subsequent releases (including the singles "How Does It Feel? (to Be the Mother of a Thousand Dead)" and "Sheep Farming in the Falklands" and the album Yes Sir, I Will) saw the band's sound go back to basics and were issued as "tactical responses" to political situations.[53] They anonymously produced 20,000 copies of a flexi-disc with a live recording of "Sheep Farming...", copies of which were randomly inserted into the sleeves of other records by sympathetic workers at the Rough Trade Records distribution warehouse to spread their views to those who might not otherwise hear them.[54]

Direct Action and internal debates

File:Stations.jpeg
Detail from front cover of Stations of the Crass, illustrating Crass' stenciled graffiti

From their early days of spraying stencilled anti-war, anarchist, feminist and anti-consumerist graffiti messages in the London Underground and on billboards,[55] Crass was involved in politically motivated direct action and musical activities. On 18 December 1982, the band helped co-ordinate a 24-hour squat in the empty west London Zig Zag club to prove "that the underground punk scene could handle itself responsibly when it had to and that music really could be enjoyed free of the restraints imposed upon it by corporate industry".[56] About 500 people attended; the bands playing (in running order) were Faction, D and V, Omega Tribe, Lack of Knowledge, Sleeping Dogs, the Apostles, Amebix, Null & Void, Soldiers of Fortune, the Mob, Polemic Attack, Poison Girls, Conflict, Flux of Pink Indians, Crass and DIRT.[57]

In 1983 and 1984, Crass were part of the Stop the City actions co-ordinated by London Greenpeace[58] which foreshadowed the anti-globalisation rallies of the early 21st century.[59] Support for these activities was provided in the lyrics and sleeve notes of the band's last single, "You're Already Dead", expressing doubts about their commitment to non-violence. It was also a reflection of disagreements within the group, as explained by Rimbaud; "Half the band supported the pacifist line and half supported direct and if necessary violent action. It was a confusing time for us, and I think a lot of our records show that, inadvertently".[60] This led to introspection within the band, with some members becoming embittered and losing sight of their essentially positive stance.[61] Reflecting this debate, the next release under the Crass name was Acts of Love: classical-music settings of 50 poems by Penny Rimbaud, described as "songs to my other self" and intended to celebrate "the profound sense of unity, peace and love that exists within that other self".[62]

Thatchergate

Another Crass hoax was known as the "Thatchergate tapes",[63] a recording of an apparently accidentally overheard telephone conversation (due to crossed lines). The tape was constructed by Crass from edited recordings of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. On the 'rather clumsily' forged tape, they appear to discuss the sinking of the HMS Sheffield during the Falklands War and agree that Europe would be a target for nuclear weapons in a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.[63]

Copies were leaked to the press via a Dutch news agency during the 1983 general election campaign.[64] The U.S. State Department and British Government believed the tape to be propaganda produced by the KGB (as reported by the San Francisco Chronicle[65] and The Sunday Times).[63] Although the tape was produced anonymously, The Observer linked the tape with the band.[66] Previously classified government documents made public in January 2014 under the UK's 'Thirty Year Rule' reveal that the prime minister was personally aware of the tape and had discussed it with her cabinet.[67]

1984: Breakup

File:Crass evelibertine.png
Eve Libertine, May 1984

Crass had become a thorn in the side of Margaret Thatcher's government after the Falklands War. Questions about the band in Parliament and an attempted prosecution by Conservative Party MP Timothy Eggar under the UK's Obscene Publications Act for their single, "How Does It Feel...",[68] made them question their purpose: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

We found ourselves in a strange and frightening arena. We had wanted to make our views public, had wanted to share them with like minded people, but now those views were being analysed by those dark shadows who inhabited the corridors of power (…) We had gained a form of political power, found a voice, were being treated with a slightly awed respect, but was that really what we wanted? Was that what we had set out to achieve all those years ago?[49]

The band had also incurred heavy legal expenses for the Penis Envy prosecution;[52] this, combined with exhaustion and the pressures of living and operating together, finally took its toll.[49] On 7 July 1984 the band played a benefit gig at Aberdare, Wales for striking miners, and on the return trip guitarist N. A. Palmer announced that he intended to leave the group.[69] This confirmed Crass's previous intention to quit in 1984, and the band split up.

Crass Collective, Crass Agenda and Last Amendment

In November 2002 several former members arranged Your Country Needs You, a concert of "voices in opposition to war", as the Crass Collective. At Queen Elizabeth Hall on London's South Bank, Your Country Needs You included Benjamin Britten's War Requiem and performances by Goldblade, Fun-Da-Mental, Ian MacKaye and Pete Wright's post-Crass project, Judas 2.[70] In October 2003 the Crass Collective changed their name to Crass Agenda,[71] with Rimbaud, Libertine and Vaucher working with Matt Black of Coldcut and jazz musicians such as Julian Siegel and Kate Shortt. In 2004 Crass Agenda spearheaded a campaign to save the Vortex Jazz Club in Stoke Newington, north London[72] (where they regularly played). In June 2005 Crass Agenda was declared to be "no more", changing its name to the "more pertinent" Last Amendment.[73] After a five-year hiatus, Last Amendment performed at the Vortex in June 2012.[74] Rimbaud has also performed and recorded with Japanther and the Charlatans. A "new" Crass track (a remix of 1982's "Major General Despair" with new lyrics), "The Unelected President", is available.[75]

2007: Ignorant's The Feeding of the 5000

Concert poster with photo of deformed, outstretched hand
Poster for the 5000 performance, November 2007

On 24 and 25 November 2007, Steve Ignorant performed Crass' The Feeding of the 5000 album live at the Shepherds Bush Empire with a band of "selected guests".[76][77] Other members of Crass were not involved in these concerts. Initially Rimbaud refused Ignorant permission to perform Crass songs he had written, but later changed his mind: "I acknowledge and respect Steve's right to do this, but I do regard it as a betrayal of the Crass ethos".[78] Ignorant had a different view: "I don't have to justify what I do...Plus, most of the lyrics are still relevant today. And remember that three-letter word, "fun"?"[78]

2010: Crassical Collection reissues

In 2010 it was announced that Crass would release The Crassical Collection,[79] remastered reissues of their back catalogue. Three former members objected, threatening legal action.[80][81] Despite their concerns the project went ahead, and the remasters were eventually released. First in the series was The Feeding of the 5000, released in August 2010. Stations of the Crass followed in October, with new editions of Penis Envy, Christ – The Album, Yes Sir, I Will and Ten Notes on a Summer's Day released in 2011 and 2012.[82] Critics praised the improved sound quality and new packaging of the remastered albums.[83][84][85]

2011: The Last Supper

In 2011 Steve Ignorant embarked on an international tour, entitled "The Last Supper". He performed Crass material, culminating with a final performance at the Shepherds Bush Empire on 19 November.[86] Ignorant said that this was the last time he would sing the songs of Crass,[87] with Rimbaud's support; the latter joined him onstage for a drum-and-vocal rendition of "Do They Owe Us A Living", bringing the band's career full circle after 34 years: "And then Penny came on...and we did it, 'Do They Owe Us A Living' as we'd first done it all those years ago. As it started, so it finished".[86] Ignorant's lineup for the tour were Gizz Butt, Carol Hodge, Pete Wilson and Spike T. Smith, and he was joined by Eve Libertine for a number of songs.[86] The set list included a cover of "West One (Shine on Me)" by The Ruts, when Ignorant was joined onstage by the Norfolk-based lifeboat crew with whom he volunteers.[86]

Influences and Influence

For Rimbaud the initial inspiration for founding Crass was the death of his friend Phil 'Wally Hope' Russell, as detailed in his book The Last of the Hippies: An Hysterical Romance. Russell had been placed in a psychiatric hospital after helping to set up the first Stonehenge free festival in 1974, and died shortly afterwards. Rimbaud believed that Russell was murdered by the State for political reasons.[88]

Band members have also cited influences ranging from existentialism and Zen to situationism,[89] the poetry of Baudelaire,[90] British working class 'kitchen sink' literature and films such as Kes[91] and the films of Anthony McCall[89] (McCall's Four Projected Movements was shown as part of an early Crass performance).[92]

Crass have said that their musical influences were seldom drawn from rock, but more from classical music (particularly Benjamin Britten, on whose work, Rimbaud states, some of Crass' riffs are based),[93] free jazz,[52] European atonality[52] and avant-garde composers such as John Cage[94] and Karlheinz Stockhausen.[52]

Crass influenced the anarchist movement in the UK, the US and beyond. The growth of anarcho-punk spurred interest in anarchist ideas.[95] The band have also claimed credit for revitalising the peace movement and the UK Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament during the late 1970s early 1980s.[96] Others contend that they overestimated their influence, their radicalising effect on militants notwithstanding.[97] Crass' philosophical and aesthetic influences on 1980s punk bands were far-reaching, although few mimicked their later free-form style (heard on Yes Sir, I Will and their final recording, Ten Notes on a Summer's Day).[98] Their painted and collage black-and-white record sleeves (by Gee Vaucher) may have influenced later artists such as Banksy (with whom Vaucher collaborated)[99] and the subvertising movement. Anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis's 2007 album, 12 Crass Songs, features acoustic covers of Crass material.[5]

In February 2011, artist Toby Mott exhibited a portion of his Crass ephemera collection at the Roth Gallery in New York.[100][101] The exhibit featured artwork, albums (including 12" LPs and EPs), 7" singles from Crass Records and a complete set of Crass' self-published zine, Inter-National Anthem.

Members

Discography

(All released on Crass Records unless otherwise stated.)

LPs

Compilations and remastered editions

  • Best Before 1984 (1986 – CATNO5; compilation album of singles) (UK Indie – No. 7)
  • The Feeding of the 5000 (The Crassical Collection) (2010 – CC01CD remastered edition)
  • Stations of the Crass (The Crassical Collection) (2010 – CC02CD remastered)
  • Penis Envy (The Crassical Collection) (2010 – CC03CD remastered edition)
  • Christ – The Album (The Crassical Collection) (2011 – CC04CD remastered edition)
  • Yes Sir, I Will (The Crassical Collection) (2011 – CC05CD remastered edition)
  • Ten Notes on a Summer's Day (The Crassical Collection) (2012 – CC06CD remastered edition)

Singles

  • "Reality Asylum" / "Shaved Women" (CRASS1, 7", 1979) (UK Indie – No. 9)
  • "Bloody Revolutions" / "Persons Unknown" (421984/1, 7" single, joint released with the Poison Girls, 1980) (UK Indie – No. 1)
  • "Rival Tribal Rebel Revel" (421984/6F, one-sided 7" flexi disc single given away with Toxic Grafity [sic] fanzine, 1980)
  • "Nagasaki Nightmare" / "Big A Little A" (421984/5, 7" single, 1981) (UK Indie – No. 1)
  • "Our Wedding" (321984/1F, one-sided 7" flexi-disc single by Creative Recording And Sound Services made available to readers of teenage magazine Loving)
  • "Merry Crassmas" (CT1, 7" single, 1981, Crass' stab at the Christmas novelty market) (UK Indie – No. 2)
  • "Sheep Farming in the Falklands" / "Gotcha" (121984/3, 7" single, 1982, originally released anonymously as a flexi-disc) (UK Indie – No. 1)
  • "How Does It Feel To Be The Mother of 1000 Dead?" / "The Immortal Death" (221984/6, 7" single, 1983) (UK Indie – No. 1)
  • "Whodunnit?" (121984/4, 7" single, 1983, pressed in "shit-coloured vinyl") (UK Indie – No. 2)
  • "You're Already Dead" / "Nagasaki is Yesterday's Dog-End" / "Don't Get Caught" (1984, 7" single, 1984)

Other

  • Penny Rimbaud Reads From 'Christ's Reality Asylum' (Cat No. 10C, C90 cassette, 1992)
  • Acts of Love – Fifty Songs to my Other Self by Penny Rimbaud with Paul Ellis, Eve Libertine and Steve Ignorant (Cat No. 1984/4 , LP and book, 1984. Reissued as CD and book as Exitstencilisms Cat No. EXT001 2012)
  • EXIT The Mystic Trumpeter – Live at the Roundhouse 1972, The ICES Tapes (pre Crass material featuring Penny Rimbaud, Gee Vaucher, John Loder and others) (Exit Stencil Music Cat No. EXMO2, CD and book, 2013)

Live recordings

  • Christ: The Bootleg (recorded live in Nottingham, 1984, released 1989 on Allied Records)
  • You'll Ruin It For Everyone (recorded live in Perth, Scotland, 1981, released 1993 on Pomona Records)

Videos

Crass
  • Christ: The Movie (a series of short films by Mick Duffield that were shown at Crass performances, VHS, released 1990)
  • Semi-Detached (video collages by Gee Vaucher, 1978–84, VHS, 2001)
  • Crass: There Is No Authority But Yourself (documentary by Alexander Oey, 2006) documenting the history of Crass and Dial House.
Crass Agenda
  • In the Beginning Was the WORD – Live DVD recorded at the Progress Bar, Tufnell Park, London, 18 November 2004

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rimbaud 1999, p. 69.
  2. ↑ "In August 1977 Dave King went (...) As Dave exits stage left, Steve Ignorant returns to Dial House and (...) Crass was born." Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Anarchist Punk genre at AllMusic
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Sleeve note on Bullshit Detector Volume 1 (Crass Records, cat no.421984/4); "Sometime in 1977 Rimbaud and Ignorant started messing around with a song called 'owe us a living'. They ran through it a few times and decided to form a band consisting of themselves. They called themselves Crass"
  7. ↑ "At the end of the Clash gig there was all these people shouting and saying 'your shit!' and Joe Strummer stood there and said 'if you think you can do any better go ahead and start your own band.' And I was like what a great idea!" Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Rimbaud, P; "...EXIT – 'The Mystic Trumpeter, Live at the Roundhouse 1972' accompanying booklet, Exitstencil Recordings 2013
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Glasper 2007, p. 14.
  11. ↑ Rimbaud 1999, p. 99.
  12. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 83.
  13. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 86.
  14. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 93.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rimbaud, P; "...In Which Crass Voluntarily Blow Their Own", sleeve note essay included with Best Before 1984 album
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 103.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Glasper 2007, p. 23.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Berger 2006, p. 104.
  22. ↑ Glasper 2007, p. 13.
  23. ↑ Rimbaud 1999, p. 90.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 90.
  27. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 89.
  28. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 88.
  29. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 108: "They were very difficult to film, because with Super-8 you needed far more light than was available at a Crass gig – all you'd get was shadows and light – that would be about it. So it was a bit pointless filming the gigs. I did try asking for maybe 60 watt bulbs instead of 40 but there was no deal" – Mick Duffield
  30. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 185.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 137.
  35. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 138.
  36. ↑ Rimbaud, P; sleeve notes to 'The Crassical Collection; Stations of the Crass' Crass Records, 2010
  37. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 169.
  38. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 145.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 149.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Mike Holderness, sleeve notes of "Nagasaki Nightmare/Big A Little A" single, Crass Records, 1980
  45. ↑ Rimbaud, P; "Big A Little A", Crass Records 1980. Quoted in Love Songs p.57, Pomona Publishing ISBN 1-904590-03-9
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Berger 2006.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Rimbaud, P; "...In Which Crass Voluntarily Blow Their Own", sleeve note essay included with Best Before 1984 album
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Rimbaud, P; sleeve notes to 'The Crassical Collection; Ten Notes on a Summer's Day' Crass Records, 2012
  53. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 220.
  54. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 215.
  55. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 87.
  56. ↑ Glasper 2007, p. 25.
  57. ↑ Glasper 2007, p. 26.
  58. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 247.
  59. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 248.
  60. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 99.
  61. ↑ Rimbaud 1999, p. 249.
  62. ↑ Sleeve notes of Acts of Love, Crass Records, 1985.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/penny-rambaud-on-how-crass-nearly-started
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 238.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 254.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ 'This is the spiritual home of jazz and we ain't leaving' http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/may/31/popandrock1 Penny (he's a bloke) has started a petition to keep the Vortex in Stoke Newington, and puts up a notice in the club saying: "This Is the Spiritual Home of Jazz and We Ain't Leaving." The resulting petition ends up going to the council with 3,000 signatures on it
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Southern Studios web site, 'Penny Rimbaud gigs in Montreal and London' http://blog.southern.com/tag/last-amendment/
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ www.steveignorant.co.uk
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Berger 2006, p. 33.
  90. ↑ http://thequietus.com/articles/05258-penny-rimbaud-crass-interview
  91. ↑ http://www.litopia.com/radio/steve-ignorant-crass-warrior/
  92. ↑ Berger 2006, p. 146.
  93. ↑ McKay 1996, p. 95.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Rimbaud 1999, p. 109.
  97. ↑ "In their own writing, Crass somewhat overstate the contribution that anarcho-punk made to resuscitating the moribund Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in the early 1980s. The initiation of a new arms race, confirmed by plans to deploy first-strike Cruise and Pershing nuclear missiles across Europe, revived anti-nuclear movements across the continent, and would have arisen with or without the intercession of anarcho-punk. What Crass and anarcho-punk can quite legitimately claim is to have convinced a substantial number of radical youth to commit their energies to the most militant anti-militarist wings of the disarmament movement, which laid siege to nuclear installations across the country and which saw no conflict between its pacifist precepts and its willingness to commit acts of 'criminal damage' on the military property of the nuclear state" Rich Cross, 'The Hippies Now Wear Black', Kill Your Pet Puppy web site http://killyourpetpuppy.co.uk/news/hippies-now-wear-black-rich-cross/
  98. ↑ Glasper 2007, p. 17.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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Further reading

  • Bounds, Philip. 'Anarchy, for a While' in Notes from the End of History, London: Merlin Press, 2014.
  • Cogan, Brian. "'Do They Owe Us a Living? Of Course They Do!' Crass, Throbbing Gristle, and Anarchy and Radicalism in Early English Punk Rock," Journal for the Study of Radicalism, vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 77–90. In JSTOR
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (originally issued as a pamphlet with the LP Christ – The Album, much of the text is now published online at Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (see Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (see Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

External links

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