Crystal oven

File:HP Counter 0XCO.jpg

An OCXO inside an HP digital frequency counter.

A crystal oven is a temperature-controlled chamber used to maintain the quartz crystal in electronic crystal oscillators at a constant temperature, in order to prevent changes in the frequency due to variations in ambient temperature. An oscillator of this type is known as an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO, where "XO" is an old abbreviation for "crystal oscillator".) This type of oscillator achieves the highest frequency stability possible with a crystal. They are typically used to control the frequency of radio transmitters, cellular base stations, military communications equipment, and for precision frequency measurement.

File:Mini Crystal Oven.jpg

Miniature crystal oven used to stabilize the frequency of a vacuum-tube mobile radio transmitter.

Description

Quartz crystals are widely used in electronic oscillators to precisely control the frequency produced. The frequency at which a quartz crystal resonator vibrates depends on its physical dimensions. A change in temperature causes the quartz to expand or contract due to thermal expansion, changing the frequency of the signal produced by the oscillator. Although quartz has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, temperature changes are still the major cause of frequency variation in crystal oscillators.

The oven is a thermally-insulated enclosure containing the crystal and one or more electrical heating elements. Since other electronic components in the circuit are also vulnerable to temperature drift, usually the entire oscillator circuit is enclosed in the oven. A thermistor temperature sensor in a closed-loop control circuit is used to control the power to the heater and ensure that the oven is maintained at the precise temperature desired. Because the oven operates above ambient temperature, the oscillator usually requires a warm-up period after power has been applied. During this warm-up period, the frequency will not have the full rated stability.

The temperature selected for the oven is that at which the slope of the crystal's frequency vs. temperature curve is zero, further improving stability. AT- or SC-cut (Stress-Compensated) crystals are used. The SC-cut has a wider temperature range over which near-zero temperature coefficient is achieved and thus reduces warmup time. Power transistors are usually used for the heaters instead of resistance heating elements. Their power output is proportional to the current, rather than the square of the current, which linearizes the gain of the control loop.

A common temperature for a crystal oven is 75 °C. but may vary between 30 - 80 °C depending on setup.

Most standard commercial crystals are specified to an environmental temperature of 0 - 70 °C, industrial versions are usually specified to -40 - +85 °C.

Accuracy

Some of the earliest crystal ovens. These precision 100 kHz oven controlled crystal oscillators at the US Bureau of Standards (now NIST) served as the frequency standard for the United States in 1929.

Because of the power required to run the heater, OCXOs require more power than oscillators that run at ambient temperature, and the requirement for the heater, thermal mass, and thermal insulation means that they are physically larger. Therefore they are not used in battery powered or miniature applications, such as watches. However, in return, the oven-controlled oscillator achieves the best frequency stability possible from a crystal. The short term frequency stability of OCXOs is typically 1x10⁻¹² over a few seconds, while the long term stability is limited to around 1x10⁻⁸ (10 ppb) per year by aging of the crystal. Achieving better performance requires switching to an atomic frequency standard, such as a rubidium standard, caesium standard, or hydrogen maser. Another cheaper alternative is to discipline a crystal oscillator with a GPS time signal, creating a GPS-disciplined oscillator (GPSDO). Using a GPS receiver that can generate accurate time signals (down to within ~30 ns of UTC), a GPSDO can maintain oscillation accuracy of 10⁻¹³ for extended periods of time.

Crystal ovens are also used in optics. In crystals used for nonlinear optics, the frequency is also sensitive to temperature and thus they require temperature stabilization, especially as the laser beam heats up the crystal. Additionally fast retuning of the crystal is often employed. For this application, the crystal and the thermistor need to be in very close contact and both must have as low a heat capacity as possible. To avoid breaking the crystal, large temperature variations in short times must be avoided.

Comparison with other frequency standards

Oscillator Type*	Accuracy**	Aging / 10 year	Radiation per RAD	Power	Weight
Crystal oscillator (XO)	7007100000000000000♠ 10−5 to 10−4	7008200000000000000♠ 10-20 PPM	2997800000000000000♠ -2 x 10−12	7001200000000000000♠ 20 µW	7001200000000000000♠ 20 gram
Temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO)	7005100000000000000♠ 10−6	7007500000000000000♠ 2-5 PPM	2997800000000000000♠ -2 x 10−12	7002100000000000000♠ 100 µW	7001500000000000000♠ 50 gram
Microcomputer compensated crystal oscillator (MCXO)	7004100000000000000♠ 10−8 to 10−7	7007300000000000000♠ 1-3 PPM	2997800000000000000♠ -2 x 10−12	7002200000000000000♠ 200 µW	7002100000000000000♠ 100 gram
Oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) - 5 - 10 MHz - 15 to 100 MHz	7004500000000000000♠ 2 x 10−8 5 x 10−7	7006200000000000000♠ 2 x 10−8 to 2 x 10−7 2 x 10−6 to 11 x 10−9	2997800000000000000♠ -2 x 10−12	7006200000000000000♠ 1 - 3 W	7002350000000000000♠ 200 - 500 gram
Rubidium atomic frequency standard (RbXO)	7002100000000000000♠ 10−9	7004500000000000000♠ 5 x 10−10 to 5 x 10−9	7001200000000000000♠ 2 x 10−13	7006900000000000000♠ 6 - 12 W	7003200000000000000♠ 1500 - 2500 gram
Caesium atomic frequency standard	7000100000000000000♠ 10−12 to 10−11	7002100000000000000♠ 10−12 to 10−11	7000200000000000000♠ 2 x 10−14	7007325000000000000♠ 25 - 40 W	7004150000000000000♠ 10 000 - 20 000 gram
Global Positioning System (GPS)	7003400000000000000♠ 4 * 10−8 to 10−11	7000100000000000000♠  10−13		7006400000000000000♠ 4 W	7002340000000000000♠ 340 gram
Radio time signal (DCF77)	7009100000000000000♠	7000400000000000000♠ 4 x 10−13		7006460000000000000♠ 4,6 W	7001870000000000000♠ 87 gram

^{* Sizes range from <5 cm3 for clock oscillators to >30 liters for Cs standards. Costs range from <5 US$ for clock oscillators to >40 000 US$ for Cs standards.}

^{** Including the effects of military environments and one year of aging.}

For comparison if a (1 Hz) clock source has an accuracy of 10⁻⁷ (0,1 PPM) the clock will drift under one year: 10⁻⁷ * (365.25 * 24 * 60 * 60) = 3.2 seconds.

Another example, if you know that your computer clock drifts 120 seconds per day the accuracy is calculated by log₁₀(120 / (24 * 60 * 60)) = -2.9 rounded to -3, meaning the accuracy is 10⁻³. One way of increasing the accuracy in a computer environment is to use the Network Time Protocol (NTP).

External links

• febo.com - Frequency Stability and Accuracy in the Real World