de Havilland Sea Venom

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Sea Venom / Aquilon
300px
Operational Royal Navy Sea Venom FAW.22 at RAF Chivenor in 1969
Role Fighter-bomber
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer de Havilland Aircraft Company
SNCASE
First flight 19 April 1951
Primary users Royal Navy
French Navy
Royal Australian Navy
Developed from de Havilland Venom

The de Havilland Sea Venom was a British postwar carrier-capable jet aircraft developed from the de Havilland Venom. It served with the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm and with the Royal Australian Navy. The French Navy operated the Aquilon, a version of the Sea Venom FAW.20 licence-built by SNCASE (Sud-Est).

Design and development

The Sea Venom was the navalised version of the Venom NF.2 two-seat night fighter, and was used as an all-weather interceptor by the Fleet Air Arm (FAA). The necessary modifications for use on the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers included folding wings, a tailhook (which retracted into a characteristic "lip" over the jetpipe) and strengthened, long-stroke undercarriage. The canopy was modified to allow ejection from underwater. The first prototype made its first flight in 1951, and began carrier trials that same year. A further two prototypes were built.[1] The first production Sea Venom took the designation FAW.20 (Fighter, All-Weather). It was powered by a single de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine and its armament was the same as the RAF version. The next variant was the FAW.21, which included the modifications introduced in the Venom NF.2A and NF.3. Some of these modifications included the Ghost 104 engine, a clear-view canopy and American radar. The final Royal Navy variant was the FAW.22 powered by the Ghost 105 engine. A total of 39 of this type were built in 1957–58. Some were later fitted out with the de Havilland Firestreak air-to-air missile.

Seven FAW.21s were modified in 1958 for Electronic countermeasures (ECM) purposes, with the cannon replaced by the ECM equipment. These became the ECM.21. 831 Naval Air Squadron, the sole squadron to be equipped with it, was shore-based at RAF Watton from 1963 and disbanded in 1966. Converted FAW.22s were similarly known as the ECM.22.

A modernised Sea Venom project, the DH.116 with swept wings and upgraded radar was considered, but cancelled as the Royal Navy believed that any replacement needed two engines. The de Havilland Sea Vixen ultimately replaced the Sea Venom.

Operational history

Royal Navy service

The Sea Venom saw much service during its time with the Royal Navy. In 1956, they, alongside RAF Venoms, took part in the Suez War which began on 31 October. They were part of Nos. 809, 892 and 893 Naval Air Squadrons based on the light fleet carrier HMS Albion and fleet carrier HMS Eagle. The Anglo-French invasion, codenamed Operation Musketeer, took place in response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by Egypt's leader, General Nasser. The air war began on the 31 October 1956 signalling the beginning of the Suez War. The Sea Venoms launched many sorties, bombing a variety of targets in Egypt in the process.

In 1958, during the Cyprus Emergency, Sea Venoms of 809 NAS, operating off Albion, flew a number of sorties against the EOKA Cypriot nationalist forces.[citation needed] The type also saw service during conflicts in the Middle East.

By 1959, the Sea Venom began to be replaced in Royal Navy service by the de Havilland Sea Vixen, an aircraft that also had the distinctive twin-boom tail. The Sea Venom would be withdrawn from frontline service soon afterwards. The type continued to fly with second line FAA units until the last were withdrawn in 1970.

Service with other nations

File:RN-RAN Sea Venoms (P00444-037).jpg
Royal Navy Sea Venom aircraft being handed over to the Royal Australian Navy, ca. 1955

Thirty-nine Sea Venom FAW.53s saw service with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), replacing the Hawker Sea Fury. The Sea Venom entered service in 1956 and, during its service with the RAN, operated off the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. It was taken out of first-line service in 1967, replaced by the American McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk. The Aquilon saw service with the French Navy until being withdrawn in 1963.

Variants

Sea Venom

Sea Venom NF.20
Prototype Sea Venom, based on Venom NF.2.,[2][3] three-built.
FAW.20
Initial production aircraft, based on Venom NF.2A. 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) Ghost 103 turbojet engine, AI Mk 10 (US SCR 720) radar.[4] 50 built.[2]
FAW.21
Improved version, equivalent to Venom NF.3. 4,950 lbf (22.1 kN) Ghost 104 engine, AI Mk 21 (US APS-57) radar, strengthened long-stroke undercarriage.[5][6] 167 built.
ECM.21
Six FAW.21s modified from 1957 for ECM purposes. No armament.[7]
FAW.22
More powerful (5,300 lbf (23.6 kN)) Ghost 105 engine, giving improved high-altitude performance.[8] 39 new built.[6]
ECM.22
Equivalent of ECM.21, based on FAW.22
FAW.53
Australian designation for the Sea Venom FAW.21. 39 built.[4]

SNCASE Aquilon

File:DH.112 Aquilon 203 53 Lorient 30.05.73 edited-2.jpg
French-built Aquilon 203 displayed at Lorient South Brittany Airport in 1973

SNCASE (Sud-Est) licence-built 121 Sea Venom FAW.20 as the Aquilon for the French Navy.

  • Aquilon 20 - 4 examples assembled from the parts provided by de Havilland plus 25 locally built.
  • Aquilon 201 - Single prototype built in France.
  • Aquilon 202 - Two-seat version with ejector seats, an American AN/APQ-65 radar and air-conditioning. 50 built.
  • Aquilon 203 - Single-seat version with an American AN/APQ-94 radar and equipped with racks for air-to-air missiles. Prototype converted from Aquilon 202 plus 40 built.
  • Aquilon 204 - Two-seat training version without guns. 6 Converted from Aquilon 20.

Operators

File:De-Havilland Sea Venom WZ-931 right front.JPG
Sea Venom WZ931 at the South Australian Aviation Museum Port Adelaide

Sea Venom operators

 Australia
 United Kingdom

Aquilon operators

 France

Survivors

File:De Havilland Sea Venom FAW21 (5781125953).jpg
A Sea Venom at Imperial War Museum Duxford in 2011

Specifications (Sea Venom FAW.22)

File:Sea Venom FB20 Silh.jpg
Sea Venom FAW.20.

Data from De Havilland's Sea Vixen[9][10]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

  • Guns: 4× 20 mm (.79 in) Hispano Mk.V cannon, 150 rpg
  • Rockets: 8× "60lb" RP-3 unguided rockets
  • Bombs: 2× 1000 lb (450 kg) bombs[6]

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Gunston 1981, p. 56.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jackson 1987, p. 479.
  3. ↑ Sturtivant 1990, pp. 81–82.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sturtivant 1990, p.83
  5. ↑ Sturtivant 1990, p. 86.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mason 1992, p. 363.
  7. ↑ Sturtivant 1990, pp. 89–90.
  8. ↑ Sturtivant 1990, p. 88.
  9. ↑ Sturtivant 1990, p. 85.
  10. ↑ Jackson 1978, pp. 481–482.

Bibliography

  • Green, William. The World's Fighting Planes. London: Macdonald, 1964.
  • Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. ISBN 0-85059-463-4.
  • Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. ISBN 1-55750-082-7.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Jackson, A. J. de Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-802-X.
  • Sturtivant, Ray. De Havilland's Sea Venom...a Naval Twin Boomer. Air International, Vol 39. No 2, August 1990, pp. 81–90. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft 1912-58. London: Putnam Publishing, 1958.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Sea Fury, Firefly and Sea Venom in Australian Service. Weston Creek, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1993. ISBN 1-875671-05-6.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. "De Havilland Sea Vixen." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc., 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.

External links

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