Dental trauma
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Dental trauma refers to trauma (injury) to the teeth and/or periodontium (gums, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone), and nearby soft tissues such as the lips, tongue, etc. The study of dental trauma is called dental traumatology.[1]
Contents
Prevalence
Dental trauma is most common in younger people, accounting for 17% of injuries to the body in those aged 0–6 years compared to an average of 5% across all ages.[2] It is more frequently observed in males compared to females.[3] Traumatic dental injuries are more common in permanent teeth compared to deciduous teeth and usually involve the front teeth of the upper jaw.[4]
Types
- Tooth fractures[1]
- Injuries of the periodontal apparatus
- Subluxation of the tooth (tooth knocked loose)
- Luxation of the tooth
- Intrusion of the tooth (tooth jammed into tooth socket)
- Avulsion of the tooth[5] (tooth knocked out)
- Injuries to supporting bone tissues
- Communition of mandibular/maxillary alveolar socket wall
- Fracture of mandibular/maxillary socket wall
- Fracture of mandibular/maxillary alveolar processes
- Fracture of mandible/maxilla
Risk factors
- Young children[6]
- Sports, especially contact sports
- Piercing in tongue and lips[7]
- Military training[8][9]
- Acute changes in the barometric pressure, i.e. dental barotrauma,[10] which can affect scuba divers[11] and aviators[12]
- Class II malocclusion with increased overjet and Class II skeletal relationship [13][14]
Prevention
Regular use of a mouthguard during sports and other high-risk activities (such as military training) is the most effective prevention for dental trauma.[15] However, studies in various high-risk populations for dental injuries have repeatedly reported low compliance of individuals for the regular using of mouthguard during activities.[16] Moreover, even with regular use, effectiveness of prevention of dental injuries is not complete, and injuries can still occur even when mouthguards are used as users are not always aware of the best makes or size, which inevitably result in a poor fit.[8]
Management and future treatment options
The management depends on the type of injury involved and whether it is a baby or an adult tooth. The Dental Trauma Guide is an evidence-based and up-to-date resource to aid management of dental trauma. If teeth are completely knocked out baby front teeth should not be replaced. The area should be cleaned gently and the child brought to see a dentist. Adult front teeth (which usually erupt at around 6 years of age) can be replaced immediately if clean. See below and the Dental Trauma Guide website for more details. If a tooth is avulsed, make sure it is a permanent tooth (primary teeth should not be replanted).
- Reassure the patient and keep them calm.
- If the tooth can be found, pick it up by the crown (the white part). Avoid touching the root part.
- If the tooth is dirty, wash it briefly (10 seconds) under cold running water but do not scrub the tooth.
- Place the tooth back in the socket where it was lost from, taking care to place it the correct way (matching the other tooth)
- Encourage the patient to bite on a handkerchief to hold the tooth in position.
- If it is not possible to replace the tooth immediately, place it in a glass of milk or a container with the patient's saliva or in the patient's cheek (keeping it between the teeth and the inside of the cheek - note this is not suitable for young children who may swallow the tooth). Avoid storage in water!
- Seek emergency dental treatment immediately.
The poster "Save a Tooth" is written for the public and is available in several languages—Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, Icelandic, Italian—and can be obtained at the IADT website.
For other injuries, it is important to keep the area clean - by using a soft toothbrush and antiseptic mouthwash such as chlorhexidine gluconate. Soft foods and avoidance of contact sports it also recommended in the short term. Dental care should be sought as quickly as possible.
Primary dentition
Potential sequelae can involve pulpal necrosis, pulp obliteration and root resorption.[17] Necrosis is the most common complication and an assessment is generally made based on colour supplemented with radiograph monitoring. A change in colour may mean the tooth is still vital but if persists likely to be non-vital.
When the injured teeth are painful with function due to damage to the periodontal ligaments (e.g., dental subluxation), a temporary splinting of the injured teeth may relieve the pain and enhance eating ability.[18] An avulsed permanent tooth should be gently rinsed under tap water and immediately re-planted in its original socket within the alveolar bone and later temporarily splinted by a dentist.[5] Failure to re-plant the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may result in very poor prognosis for the tooth.[5] Management of injured primary teeth differs from management of permanent teeth; an avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent dental crypt).[6]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, Fourth Edition, edited by Andreason J, Andreasen F, and Andersson L, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2007
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- ↑ , Paediatric Dentistry Third Edition, edited by Richard R.Welbury, Monty S.Duggal, and Marie-Therese Hosey,Oxford, UK, 2007
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