Derna, Libya

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Derna
درنة
280px
Mediterranean rocky coast of Libya.jpg 139px
Port of Derna.jpg 139px
Overview of Derna
Country  Libya
Region Cyrenaica
District Derna
Government
 • Mayor Akram Abdul Aziz[1]
Population (2011)[4]
 • Total 100,000[2]-150,000[3]
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
Vehicle registration 10

Derna (/ˈdɜːrnə/; Arabic: درنة‎‎ Darnah) is a port city in eastern Libya. It has a population of 85,000[2]–90,000.[3] It was the seat of one of the wealthiest provinces in the Barbary States, and remains the capital of the Derna District, with a much smaller area. Derna has a unique environment among Libyan cities, as it lies between green mountains, the Mediterranean Sea, and the desert. The city is also home to people of mixed origins.

The city was the location of the famous Battle of Derna (1805), the first victory achieved by the United States Military on foreign soil. Occurring during the First Barbary War, the battle was fought between a force of roughly 500 US Marines and Mediterranean mercenaries and 4,000 or 5,000 Barbary troops.

Parts of the city were taken over by Islamic State (IS) militants in October 2014.[5] In June 2015, the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna defeated IS and took control of the town, before being expelled themselves by the Libyan National Army in the Battle of Derna (2018–2019).

Name

Darnis and Darne were the ancient Greek names for the city.[6] The form Dardanis is sometimes found, although this is erroneous.[7] Under Rome the city was referred to as Darnis and Derna. Under the Arabs, it was known as Derneh (Derne, Dernah) or Terneh (Ternah).

History

Classic era and Middle Ages

Old Market of Derna

In the Hellenistic period the ancient city of Darnis was part of the Libyan Pentapolis.[6][8] Under Rome, it became a civil and later the religious metropolis of the province of Libya Secunda, or Libya Inferior, that is, the Marmarica region. The names of some of its metropolitan bishops are found in extant documents. Piso was one of the Eastern bishops who withdrew from the Council of Sardica and set up their own council at Philippopolis in 347. Early 5th-century Dioscorus is known because of a dispute he had with the bishop of Erythrum. Daniel took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431. In addition, John Moschus speaks of a bishop Thedodorus of Darnis as having had a vision of Saint Leo the Great in the mid-5th century.[7][9][10]

No longer a residential bishopric, Darnis is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[11]

The city was resettled by the refugees from Moslem Spain Expulsion of the Moriscos (Al-Andalus) in 1493 on the site of the ancient settlement.

Modern era

Ottoman times

Under Ottoman rule, Derna was initially under the governor at Tripoli, but shortly after 1711, it fell under the Karamanli sultanate until 1835, when it became a dependency of the autonomous sanjak of Benghazi, essentially Cyrenaica, which was governed directly from Constantinople.[12] This in turn, in 1875, became the vilayet of Cyrenaica.[13] In the 1850s, it had an estimated 4,500 inhabitants,[14] who lived by agriculture, fishing and the coastal trade.[7]

The oldest mosque in Derna is Al-masjeed al-ateeq, or the "Old Mosque", restored by wali Mahmoud Karamanli in 1772, vaulted with 42 small cupolas. This kind of vault was in use due to lack of some materials, like timber or stone in the region of Cyrenaica. There is another mosque, named Masjeed az-zawiyah, built in 1846, more strictly curved in the side of a hill.

The French admiral Gantheaume landed at Derna in June 1800 in an attempt to reinforce Napoleon in Egypt by bringing troops overland, but was rebuffed by the local garrison.[15][16]

Derna was the location of the 1805 Battle of Derne, in which forces under U.S. Lieutenant and former Consul to Tripoli William Eaton—who had marched 500 miles (800 km) across the Libyan Desert from Alexandria—captured the city as part of the First Barbary War.

Italian occupation

On 16 October 1911, Italian troops occupied Derna during the Italo-Turkish War. The Italian rule over Derna lasted 29 years, 3 months, and 14 days until it was captured on 30 January 1941 by Australian Troops during the Second World War's North African Campaign[17] On 6 April 1941, German forces retook the city from the British, and on 15 November 1942, British forces recaptured it.

Libyan Republic and civil war

File:Shrine of 70 Sahaba before destruction.jpg
Mausoleum of a Sahaba (companion of Muhammad) before its destruction by Salafis.

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See also: Derna campaign (2014–2016), Siege of Derna, and Battle of Derna (2018–2019)

In 2007, American troops in Iraq uncovered a list of foreign fighters for the Iraqi insurgency. Of the 112 Libyans on the list, 52 had come from Derna. Derna has the reputation of being the most fundamentalist Muslim city in Libya.[18]

File:Battle of Derna (2018).svg
Battle of Derna (2018)

Following mass protests on 18 February 2011, the city came under the control of the National Transitional Council, breaking from the Libyan government.[19][20] The city was never retaken before Gaddafi's ouster from Tripoli and the establishment of a new government. In October 2014, local militants affiliated with the Islamic Youth Shura Council publicly pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State (IS).[21] In November 2014, al-Baghdadi released an audio-recording accepting the pledge of allegiance and announced the expansion of his group.[22] In June 2015 Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna defeated ISIL and took control over the town.[citation needed] On June 28, 2018, forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar claimed to have taken full control of the city, following a two-year siege of the city that culminated in a month-long battle.[23]

Storm Daniel

On 10 September 2023, Medicane Daniel made landfall in Libya near Benghazi. While moving east-southeast, the storm caused torrential rainfall and extreme flooding in Derna, prompting the government to declare a state of emergency for the area.[24][25] Government corruption allowed two dams to collapse, allowing water to inundate the areas around the Wadi Derna river.[26][27] At least 2,000 people were confirmed dead,[28] while predictions were for over 10,000 dead. A government minister said that 25% of Derna had "disappeared",[29] with large parts of the city dragged out to sea.[30]

Geography

Derna is located at the eastern end of the Jebel Akhdar, one of the very few forested areas in Libya; due to its arid climate, forest makes up a mere 0.1% of Libya's land area. However, Derna is near the fertile upland area of eastern Libya, which is the wettest region in the country (600 mm).[citation needed]

File:Wadi Derna watershed.png
Map of the Wadi Derna watershed, covering 540 km² in eastern Libya

The city is built along the Wadi Derna, an ephemeral river that is dry much of the year. Historically, the city has been repeatedly damaged by floods.[31] The Abu Mansur and Derna dams upstream of the city were meant to control soil erosion and prevent flooding. Both dams appear to have been destroyed by Mediterranean Storm Daniel in September 2023.

Derna is linked with Shahhat by two roads; the inner one running through Al Qubah is part of the Libyan Coastal Highway and the coastal one running through Susa and Ras al Helal.

Climate

Derna features a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with strong Mediterranean influences: essentially all the modest annual rains fall between October and March. The annual rainfall is around 275 millimetres or 11 inches. Its maritime location allows it to have an extreme seasonal lag that is incredibly uncommon for a dry climate. However, the influence of the Sahara allows for the extreme record highs to occur months before the average warmest months.

In winter, the city's average temperature ranges between 9 and 20 °C (48.2 and 68.0 °F). Summers are quite long and effectively rainless with afternoon temperatures averaging well above 27 °C or 80.6 °F between June and October.

Climate data for Derna, Libya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.6
(85.3)		 32.8
(91)		 35.8
(96.4)		 38.3
(100.9)		 44.0
(111.2)		 44.8
(112.6)		 41.7
(107.1)		 43.5
(110.3)		 40.6
(105.1)		 39.0
(102.2)		 37.8
(100)		 30.6
(87.1)		 44.8
(112.6)
Average high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 19.4
(66.9)		 21.7
(71.1)		 24.3
(75.7)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.2
(82.8)		 29.1
(84.4)		 28.1
(82.6)		 26.1
(79)		 23.1
(73.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 20.3
(68.5)		 23.5
(74.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 26.1
(79)		 25.0
(77)		 22.4
(72.3)		 19.3
(66.7)		 15.7
(60.3)		 20.0
(68)
Average low °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 11.7
(53.1)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.2
(61.2)		 19.7
(67.5)		 22.3
(72.1)		 23.2
(73.8)		 21.9
(71.4)		 18.6
(65.5)		 15.5
(59.9)		 12.2
(54)		 16.4
(61.5)
Record low °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)		 4.4
(39.9)		 5.0
(41)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8.7
(47.7)		 8.3
(46.9)		 10.0
(50)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 10.0
(50)		 8.3
(46.9)		 6.7
(44.1)		 4.4
(39.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 60
(2.36)		 39
(1.54)		 28
(1.1)		 10
(0.39)		 6
(0.24)		 2
(0.08)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 4
(0.16)		 32
(1.26)		 36
(1.42)		 57
(2.24)		 274
(10.79)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11 8 7 3 2 0 0 0 1 5 6 5 48
Average relative humidity (%) 76 72 74 74 74 75 80 80 75 74 75 78 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 151.9 189.3 204.6 231.0 282.1 297.0 316.2 297.6 237.0 223.2 189.0 145.7 2,764.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.9 6.7 6.6 7.7 9.1 9.9 10.2 9.6 7.9 7.2 6.3 4.7 7.7
Source #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[32]
Source #2: Arab Meteorology Book (sun only)[33]

Description

Derna has three main squares. The most popular square is the Maydan Assahabah. This square was always used for mass demonstrations against Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. The city is also a tourist hub due to its old city (the Medina), which is home to Islamic architecture. The Medina consists of a mosque, church, synagogue, many small streets, and old souqs. Derna's neighborhoods include Downtown (Wast Il Blaad), Al Ikweih, Al Mighar, Assahel Ashargi, Al Wadi, Bab Tobruq, Al Fitayih, and Bab Shaiha.[citation needed]

Main sights

There are many places of tourist interest, such as the Old Medina, Dark Souq, Sahaba Mosque, Attiq Mosque (42 Domes), Zuhair ibn Qa'is Mausoleum, al Kharraza, Souq al Farda and Khidra, Piazza Hamra, Piazza Derna, Maydan Al Sahhaba, Jewish Synagogue, Byzantine Church, Catholic Church, Ras Tin Beach, Piazza Attair, Ibrahim Istaa Omar, Derna Valley, Derna Waterfall, Finar Avenue, Zangat Al Bahr (Bahr Street), Omar Faiek Shennib Street, Zangat Al Hmar (Hmar Street).[citation needed]

Football

Derna is home to two main football clubs: Darnes and Al Afriqi.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Der Spiegel Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Aug 23
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(subscription required)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ptolemy (IV, 4, 2; 5; 6)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 PD-icon.svg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, (XXII, 16, 4)
  9. ↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus Archived 2016-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 631-632
  10. ↑ Raymond Janin, v. Darni in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, col. 89
  11. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 879
  12. ↑ Vailhé, S. (1913) "Tripoli, Prefecture Apostolic of" Catholic Encyclopedia volume 15, page 59 Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Hayes, Carlton Joseph Huntley (1919) A political and social history of modern Europe, Volume 1 Macmillan, New York, page 514 Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, OCLC 19118611
  14. ↑ Hamilton, James (1856) Wanderings in North Africa J. Murray, London, page 117 Archived 2015-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, OCLC 5659586
  15. ↑ Mackesy, Piers (1995) British victory in Egypt, 1801: the end of Napoleon's conquest Routledge, London, page 162 Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 0-415-04064-7
  16. ↑ Strathern, Paul (2008) Napoleon in Egypt Bantam Books, New York, page 418 Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 978-0-553-80678-6
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Destination: Martyrdom Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine Newsweek, April 28, 2008.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons

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