Deployment environment
In software deployment, an environment or tier is a computer system in which a computer program or software component is deployed and executed. In simple cases, such as developing and immediately executing a program on the same machine, there may be a single environment, but in industrial use the development environment (where changes are originally made) and production environment (what end users use) are separated, often with several stages in between, in order to allow phased deployment (rollout), testing, and rollback in case of problems.
Environments may vary significantly in size: the development environment is typically an individual developer's workstation, while the production environment may be a network of many geographically distributed machines in data centers, or virtual machines in cloud computing. Code, data, and configuration may be deployed in parallel, and need not connect to the corresponding tier – for example, pre-production code might connect to a production database.
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Architectures
Deployment architectures vary significantly, but broadly, the tiers are bookended by starting at development (DEV) and ending at production (PROD). A common 4-tier architecture is development, testing, staging, production (DEV, TEST, STAGE, PROD), with software being deployed to each in order. Other common environments include Quality Assurance (QA), for acceptance testing; sandbox or experimental (EXP), for experiments that are not intended to proceed to production; and Disaster Recovery, to provide an immediate fallback in case of problems with production. Another common architecture is development, testing, acceptance and production (DTAP), consisting of dev/test/qa/prod.
This language is particularly suited for server programs, where servers run in a remote data center; for code that runs on an end user's device, such as applications (apps) or clients, one can refer to the user environment (USER) or local environment (LOCAL) instead.
Exact definitions and boundaries between environments vary – test may be considered part of dev, QA may be considered part of test, part of stage, or be separate, etc. The main tiers are progressed through in order, with new releases being deployed (rolled out or pushed) to each in turn.[1][2] Experimental and recovery tiers, if present, are outside this flow – experimental releases are terminal, while recovery is typically an old or duplicate version of production, deployed after production. In case of problems, one can roll back to the old release, most simply by pushing the old release as if it were a new release. The last step, deploying to production ("pushing to prod") is the most sensitive, as any problems result in immediate user impact. For this reason this is often handled differently, at least being monitored more carefully, and in some cases having phased rollout or only requiring flipping a switch, allowing rapid rollback.
Sometimes deployment is done outside of this regular process, primarily to provide urgent or relatively minor changes, without requiring a full release. This may consist of a single patch, a large service pack, or a small hotfix.
Tiers can be of very different sizes: dev is typically an individual developer's workstation (though there may be thousands of developers), while prod may be many geographically distributed machines; test and QA may be small or large, depending on the resources devoted to these, and staging can range from a single machine (similar to canary) to an exact duplicate of production.
Environments
A finely-divided list of tiers:
| Environment/Tier Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Local | Developer's desktop/workstation |
| Development/Trunk | Development server aka sandbox |
| Integration | CI build target, or for developer testing of side effects |
| Test/QA | This is the stage where unit testing, interface testing is performed. Quality analysis team make sure that the new code will not have any impact on the existing functionality and they test major functionalities of the system once after deploying the new code in their respective environment(i.e. QA environment) |
| Stage/Pre-production | Mirror of production environment |
| Production/Live | Serves end-users/clients |
Development
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The development environment (dev) is the environment in which changes to software are developed, most simply an individual developer's workstation. This differs from the ultimate target environment in various ways – the target may not be a desktop computer (it may be a smartphone, embedded system, headless machine in a data center, etc.), and even if otherwise similar, the developer's environment will include development tools like a compiler, integrated development environment, different or additional versions of libraries and support software, etc., which are not present in a user's environment.
In the context of revision control, particularly with multiple developers, finer distinctions are drawn: a developer has a working copy of source code on their machine, and changes are submitted to the repository, being committed either to the trunk or a branch, depending on development methodology. The environment on an individual workstation, in which changes are worked on and tried out, may be referred to as the local environment or a sandbox. Building the repository's copy of the source code in a clean environment is a separate step, part of integration (integrating disparate changes), and this environment may be called the integration environment or the development environment; in continuous integration this is done frequently, as often as for every revision. The source code level concept of "committing a change to the repository", followed by building the trunk or branch, corresponds to pushing to release from local (individual developer's environment) to integration (clean build); a bad release at this step means a change broke the build, and rolling back the release corresponds to either rolling back all changes from that point onward, or undoing just the breaking change, if possible.
Testing
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Quality Assurance
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Staging
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Staging (STAGE) also called as integration is a pre-production environment, for final testing immediately prior to deploying to production. It seeks to mirror the actual production environment as closely as possible, and may connect to other production services and data, such as databases. For example, servers will be run on remote machines, rather than locally (as on a developer's workstation during dev, or on a single test machine during test), which tests the effect of networking on the system.
The primary use of a staging environment is to test all installation/configuration/migration scripts and procedures, before they are applied to production environment. This ensures that all major and minor upgrades to the production environment will be completed reliably without errors, in minimum time.
Another important use of staging is for performance testing, particularly load testing, as this often depends sensitively on the environment.
Production
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The production environment is also known as live, particularly for servers, as it is the environment that users directly interact with.
Deploying to production is the most sensitive step; it may be done by deploying new code directly (overwriting old code, so only one copy is present at a time), or by deploying a configuration change. This can take various forms: deploying a parallel installation of a new version of code, and switching between them with a configuration change; deploying a new version of code with the old behavior and a feature flag, and switching to the new behavior with a configuration change that performs a flag flip; or by deploying separate servers (one running the old code, one the new) and redirecting traffic from old to new with a configuration change at the traffic routing level. These in turn may be done all at once or gradually, in phases.
Deploying a new release generally requires a restart, unless hot swapping is possible, and thus requires either an interruption in service (usual for user software, where applications are restarted), or redundancy – either restarting instances slowly behind a load balancer, or starting up new servers ahead of time and then simply redirecting traffic to the new servers.
When deploying a new release to production, rather than immediately deploying to all instances or users, it may be deployed to a single instance or fraction of users first, and then either deployed to all or gradually deployed in phases, in order to catch any last-minute problems. This is similar to staging, except actually done in production, and is referred to as a canary release, by analogy with coalmining. This adds complexity due to multiple releases being run simultaneously, and is thus usually over quickly, to avoid compatibility problems.
See also
- Application lifecycle management
- Integrated development environment
- Release management
- Software deployment
