Erdstall

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File:Erdstall Ratgöbluckn Perg Eingang.jpg
Entry to the erdstall Ratgöbluckn at Perg, Austria – its passages are high enough for touristic access (electric light since 2002)

An erdstall is a type of tunnel found across Europe.[1] They are of unknown origin but are believed to date from the Middle Ages. A variety of purposes have been theorized, including that they were used as escape routes or hiding places, but the most prominent theory is that they served a religious or spiritual purpose.[1]

Etymology

There are very few historic references – a document from 1449 names the area above the tunnels as "auf den erdstelln". Although the modern term uses "Stall" (stable, shed) it is in fact related to "Stelle" (spot, location – cognate to English "stead") along with "Erde" (soil, ground – cognate to English "earth"). The German "Stollen" (tunnel in mining) has the same origin.

Alternative regional names are "Schratzlloch" (Bavaria), "Zwergloch" and "Grufen" (Austria) that carry the regional names for dwarfs that folk belief has connected them to.[citation needed]

Construction

The erdstall tunnels are very low and narrow – they have a height of 1.0 to 1.4 metres (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 7 in) and a maximum width of about 60 centimetres (24 in). Additionally they feature very tight passages from one tunnel to a lower tunnel called "Schlupf" (slip out) that is too narrow for older or overweight persons – a person needs to crawl under the slip hole, stand up thereby sliding the shoulders through the skin-tight hole, allowing to crawl onto the higher tunnel.

Erdstall tunnels have only one narrow concealed entry point – so there is no second exit tunnel as with an escape tunnel system. Some tunnel systems feature loop tunnels at the end of a tunnel. Most tunnel systems are not longer than 50 metres (160 ft).[citation needed]

  • Erdstall senkrechter schlupf.jpg

    vertical passage (slip hole)

  • Erdstall waagrechter schlupf.jpg

    horizontal passage

  • Erdstall sitznischen.jpg

    sitting recess at the end of the tunnel

  • Erdstall grundriss.jpg

    map of the large erdstall in Bad Zell

Classification

To get a better overview research has come up with a rough classification system:[2]

  • Type A has a single long gallery with slip passages and short side slopes.
  • Type B has multiple levels connected at multiple places by vertical slip passages. Auxiliary construction tunnels have been found that were closed after completion. At the end of each tunnel seating niches have been cut out or the tunnel is widened with a longer seating bench.
  • Type C has multiple horizontal slip passages and there is a round trip tunnel at the end or in the middle that is high enough to walk through upright..
  • Type D has multiple chambers that are connected through tunnels. The slip passages are mostly horizontal in this type.

Archaeology

There is almost no archaeological material to be found in the tunnels although erdstall tunnels exist in abundance in Central Europe (over 700 in Bavaria alone). This makes it highly unlikely that they were ever used as dwellings, such as a hiding place in times of war.

The archaeological evidence is so slim that even age determination is difficult. Coal from a fire pit at Bad Zell has been dated between 1030 and 1210. Coal from a heading in Höcherlmühle has been dated between the late 10th and mid-11th century. A slip passage at Rot am See has been enhanced with stones to make it narrower with the stone additions dated to between 1034 and 1268. Coal from Trebersdorf was dated 950 to 1050, coal from Kühlried was dated to 950 to 1160. Ceramics found in St. Agatha have been dated to the 12th century which seems to be the latest date of usage.

Given their abundance, it is remarkable that there is no hint of their existence in the records of the Christian kingdoms of the time. In combination with the impractical layout of the tunnels this has engendered the suspicion that the tunnels were used for a non-Christian cult that developed in the 10th century and later disappeared. In that case the slip passages might be a ritual element to slip off diseases and guilts (rebirth).[citation needed]

Museums

Most erdstall sites are too narrow to be usable for general tourism. A bigger walkable site is the Erdstall Ratgöbluckn in Perg (Upper Austria) that is open to the public as part of the local museum of Perg.[3] The Erdstall am Kapellenberg in Großkrut (Lower Austria) has opended in 2007 to visitors of the Erdstallmuseum Althöflein.[4]

See also

  • Punarjani Guha – Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel will wash away all of one’s sins and thus attain freedom from rebirth.
  • Fogou – souterrain structures in Cornwall of unknown usage.
  • Earth-cut souterrain in Ireland shows some similarities.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Herbert Wimmer: Die Regional-Typisierung der Erdställe. In: Der Erdstall. Nr. 26. Roding 2000, S.54-56. ISSN 0343-6500
  3. ↑ de:Erdstall Ratgöbluckn in Perg
  4. ↑ http://www.dorf-stadterneuerung.at/content.php?pageId=2976&news_gruppe=1&smarty=detail&news_id=1563

External links

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