European Australians

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European Australians
Total population
(85–92% of the total population[1][2])
Regions with significant populations
All States and territories of Australia
Languages
Mainly English
Italian • German • Greek • Dutch • Polish • Maltese • Croatian • Other European
Religion
Christian (Roman Catholic • Anglican) • Irreligious[3] • Wiccan/pagan • Muslim
Related ethnic groups
European diaspora
[4][5][6]

European Australians are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe.

Since the early 19th century, people of European descent have formed the majority of the population in Australia. The majority of European Australians are of British – English, Scottish, Welsh or Cornish and Irish (Anglo-Celtic) – ancestral origin. In 2010, it was estimated that around 74% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians.[7] Other significant ancestries include Italian, German, Greek, Dutch, New Zealanders (European New Zealanders), Polish, Maltese and Croatian.[8][better source needed] Today, Australians of British and other European ancestries are the dominant majority in Australia, estimated at 85–92% of the total population.[1][2]

Historically, European immigrants had great influence over Australian history and society, which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European country.[9][10]

History

Early sightings by Europeans

The first records of European mariners sailing into 'Australian' waters occurs around 1606, and includes their observations of the land known as Terra Australis Incognita (unknown southern land). The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutchman, Willem Janszoon.

Between 1606 and 1770, an estimated 54 European ships from a range of nations made contact. Many of these were merchant ships from the Dutch East Indies Company and included the ships of Abel Tasman. Tasman charted parts of the north, west and south coasts of Australia which was then known as New Holland.

In 1770, Englishman Lieutenant James Cook charted the Australian east coast in his ship HM Barque Endeavour. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming eastern Australia 'New South Wales'. The coast of Australia, featuring Tasmania as a separate island, was mapped in detail by the English mariners and navigators Bass and Flinders, and the French mariner, Baudin. A nearly completed map of the coastline was published by Flinders in 1814.

This period of European exploration is reflected in the names of landmarks such as the Torres Strait, Arnhem Land, Dampier Sound, Tasmania, the Furneaux Islands, Cape Frecinyet and La Perouse. French expeditions between 1790 and the 1830s, led by D'Entrecasteaux, Baudin, and Furneaux, were recorded by the naturalists Labillardière and Péron.

First Settlement by Europeans

A pioneering settler family, circa 1900.

The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement at Sydney Cove by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. These land masses included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales.[11] Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803.

The first European Australians came from United Kingdom and Ireland.[12][13] The southeast of Australia was the first region to be settled by European Australians in 1788.[14]

Other British settlements followed, at various points around the continent, most of them unsuccessful. In 1824, a penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River (the basis of the later colony of Queensland). In 1826, a British military camp was established in Western Australia at King George Sound, to discourage French colonisation. (The camp formed the basis of the later town of Albany.) In 1829, the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound. Initially a free colony, Western Australia later accepted British convicts, because of an acute labour shortage.

Europe-born population in Australia 1861 - 2011
Year Europe-born pop.
% of all foreign-born		 UK and Ireland
% of all foreign-born		 Ref(s)
1861 671,049 92.8% [15]
1891 901,618 90.3% [16]
1901 753,832 88.5% 79.2% [15][17]
1911 664,671 88.3% 78.0% [15][16][18]
1921 744,429 89.1% 80.2% [15][16][18]
1933 807,358 89.7% 78.9% [15][18]
1947 651,606 87.8% 72.7% [15][18][19]
1954 1,155,064 90.3% 51.6% [15][18][19]
1961 1,596,212 90.2% 42.6% [15][20]
1966 1,893,511 88.9% 42.6% [19][21]
1971 2,196,478 85.7% 42.2% [15][19][21]
1976 2,210,817 81.3% [15][19]
1981 2,232,718 75.0% 41.1% [15][19]
1986 2,221,802 68.4% 34.7% [15][19][19]
1991 2,300,773 62.4% 31.17% [15][19]
1996 2,217,009 56.7% 28.7% [15][22][23]
2001 2,136,052 52.0% [15]
2006 2,077,907 47.1% [24]
2011 40.0% 20.8% [25]
From 1954 onwards people from "Ulster" were recorded separately from the people of "Ireland".[26]

The British Colonial Office in 1835 issued the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, implementing the legal doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based, reinforcing the notion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it and quashing earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples, such as that signed by John Batman. Its publication meant that from then, all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers.[27]

Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1840, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory was founded in 1863 as part of South Australia. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868.

Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes, in addition to the obvious impacts this early clearing of land had on the ecology of particular regions, it severely affected indigenous Australians, by reducing the resources they relied on for food, shelter and other essentials. This progressively forced them into smaller areas and reduced their numbers as the majority died of newly introduced diseases and lack of resources. Indigenous resistance against the settlers was widespread, and prolonged fighting between 1788 and the 1930s led to the deaths of at least 20,000 Indigenous people and between 2,000 and 2,500 Europeans.[28]

The European population grew from 0.3 percent of the population of the continent at 1800 to 58.6 percent at 1850.[29]

In 1868, the population of European Australians was 1,539,552.[30]

Irish formed about 25 per cent of the European Australian population in the nineteenth century.[13] Germans formed the largest non-British community for most of the 19th century.[31]

In 1976 the top six birthplace groups were from European countries and accounted for 81% of all people born overseas. By 1996, the top six groups only accounted for 53% of the total overseas-born population. People from the United Kingdom and Ireland still form the largest group. However, their number as a proportion of the total overseas-born population has declined, falling from 41% in 1976 to 29% in 1996.

After World War II

Following World War II, the Australian government instigated a massive program of European immigration. After narrowly preventing a Japanese invasion and suffering attacks on Australian soil for the first time, it was seen that the country must "populate or perish". Prior to WWII, Australia had viewed itself as largely of British and Irish ancestry but after WWII the success of the United States and the reason for its success, that is largely the creation of a European diaspora, could not be ignored by Australia.[citation needed] Immigration brought traditional migrants from the United Kingdom along with, for the first time, large numbers of southern and central Europeans. A booming Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe, and newly arrived migrants found employment in government-assisted programs such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme. Two million immigrants arrived between 1948 and 1975, many from Robert Menzies' newly founded Liberal Party of Australia dominated much of the immediate post war era, defeating the Australian Labor Party government of Ben Chifley in 1949. Menzies oversaw the post-war expansion and became the country's longest-serving leader. Manufacturing industry, previously playing a minor part in an economy dominated by primary production, greatly expanded. Since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy from Asia and other parts of the world, Australia's demography, culture and image of itself has been radically transformed.

In 1987, the vast majority of European Australians were descendants either of Anglo-Irish-Scots who arrived after 1850, or of Greeks, Italians, Hungarians, Balts, Poles and Germans who emigrated after 1945.[32]

Number of European Australians

Year Population  % of Australia Ref(s) Year Population  % of Australia Ref(s)
1891 94.0% [33] 1986 [34]
1911 4,402,662 98.8% [35][36][37] 2001
1921 5,387,143 99.0% [36][38] 2006
1933 6,579,993 99.2% [36][38] 2011 85-90.0% [2][39][40]
1947 7,524,129 98.3a-99.3%b [33][36][38] 2016 TBA TBA [41]
1954 8,921,691 99.0% [42]
1961 10,418,761 .. [42]
1966 11,453,375 .. [42]
1971 .. [43]
1976 12,037,152 96.22% [44]
a Social Security, Settlement and Multicultural Affairs. b Census of the Commonwealth of Australia 1947
Crowd at the opening of the Dandenong Rd Tramline with the Australian and British flags on the front. 1911.

The table shows the European-Australian population with a gradual increase from the late nineteenth century to gradually declining in the late 20th century to the most recent census in 2011. Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial-origin in 1971 and 1976, and by (ethnic) origin since 1981.[45] In the 2011 Census, Australians reported around 300 different ancestries. The most commonly reported ancestries were British (45 per cent) and Australian (33 per cent). A further 6 of the leading 10 ancestries reflected the European heritage in Australia – Irish (9.7 per cent), Italian (4.3 per cent), German (4.2 per cent), Greek (1.8 per cent) and Dutch (1.6 per cent).[46]

Since 1976, Australia's census does not ask for racial background, it is unclear how many Australians are descendants of Europeans.[45] Estimates vary from 85% to 92%.[2][47] In 2000, it was estimated that about 25% of European Australians were descendants of Irish.[48]

Europe regions.png

Ancestry map
Cultural regions of Europe
Austrian
Belarusian
Belgian
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Estonian
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hungarian
Icelandic
Irish
Scots-Irish
Italian
Sicilian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Lux.
Macedonian
Maltese
Mont.
Dutch
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Moldovan
Albanian
Serbian
Slovak
Slo.
Spanish
Basque
Catalan
Swedish
Swiss
Armenian
Georgian
Azerbaijani
Cypriot
Turkish
Ukrainian
English
Scottish
(British)
Welsh

Political involvement

Colonial period

As the earliest colonists of Australia, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws often because many had been involved in government back in England. In the original six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia.

The Founding Fathers

Sir Henry Parkes.
Edmund Barton.

The lineage of most of the Founding Fathers was British, (especially English) such as:

  • Sir Henry Parkes (from Coventry, England) is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. Unfortunately, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.[49]

Various other "founders" of Australia have also been unofficially recognised:

Culture

Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia.

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Main articles: Australian culture, Western culture, and Pan-European identity

The culture of Australia is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of the Australian continent, the diverse input of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and other Oceanian people, the British colonisation of Australia that began in 1788, and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration that followed.[53] As the English were always the largest element among the settlers, their cultural influence was naturally greater than that of the Irish, Welsh or Scots. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language, the common law, the Westminster system of government, Christianity (Anglicanism) as the once dominant religion, and the popularity of sports such as cricket and rugby; all of which are part of the heritage that has shaped modern Australia.[54] Australian culture has diverged significantly since British settlement.

Several states and territories had their origins as penal colonies, with the first British convicts arriving at Sydney Cove in 1788. Stories of outlaws like the bushranger Ned Kelly have endured in Australian music, cinema and literature. The Australian gold rushes from the 1850s brought wealth as well as new social tensions to Australia, including the miners' Eureka Stockade rebellion. The colonies established elected parliaments and rights for workers and women before most other Western nations.[55]

Language

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Main article: Australian English

Australian English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia. Although English has no official status in the Constitution, Australian English is the country's de facto official language and is the first language of the majority of the population.

Australian English began to diverge from British English after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788 and was recognised as being different from British English by 1820. It arose from the intermingling of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English.[56] Australian English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, register, grammar and spelling.

The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The Australian-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England.[57]

The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech.

A quarter of the convicts were Irish. Many had been arrested in Ireland, and some in Great Britain. Many, if not most, of the Irish convicts spoke either no English at all, or spoke it poorly and rarely. There were other significant populations of convicts from non-English speaking part of Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands and Wales.

The most commonly spoken European languages other than English in Australia are Italian, Greek, Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian, Spanish, German, Macedonian, Polish, and French.[original research?]

Other influences

Peter D. McCormick composed of Advance Australia Fair.

Music

Another area of cultural influence are Australian Patriotic songs:

Architecture

Australia's most recognisable building is the Sydney Opera House designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon.

The Sydney Opera House was formally opened on 20 October 1973, by Queen Elizabeth II.[60] After a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing construction. The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect's ultimate resignation.[61]

Australia has three architectural listings on UNESCO's World Heritage list: Australian Convict Sites (comprising a collection of separate sites around Australia, including Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, Port Arthur in Tasmania, and Fremantle Prison in Western Australia); the Sydney Opera House; and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Contemporary Australian architecture includes a number of other iconic structures, including the Harbour Bridge in Sydney and Parliament House, Canberra. Significant architects who have worked in Australia include Governor Lachlan Macquarie's colonial architect, Francis Greenway; the ecclesiastical architect William Wardell; the designer of Canberra's layout, Walter Burley Griffin; the modernist Harry Seidler; and Jørn Utzon, designer of the Sydney Opera House. The National Trust of Australia is a non-governmental organisation charged with protecting Australia's built heritage.

European ancestry table

Ancestry 1986 % of Pop. 2001 % of Pop. 2006 % of Pop. 2011 % of Pop. Change 2006-2011
Albania Albanian 11,313 13,142 0.1%
Armenia Armenian 15,789 16,723 0.1%
Australia Australian 3,402,407 21.8% 6,739,594 35.9% 7,371,823 37.1% 7,098,486 33.0% -3.7%
Austria Austrian 41,490 42,341 0.2%
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque 541 0.0% 612 0.0%
Belarus Belarusian 1,560 0.0% 1,664 0.0%
Belgium Belgian 8,896 0.0% 10,022 0.0%
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian 18,463 0.1% 20,247 0.1%
United Kingdom British 5,681 0.0% 6,262 0.0%
Bulgaria Bulgarian 4,898 0.0% 5,436 0.0%
Catalonia Catalan 112 0.0% 171 0.0%
Channel Islander 1,160 0.0% 1,127 0.0%
Croatia Croatian 118,049 0.6% 126,270 0.6%
Cyprus Cypriot 10,722 0.0% 22,680 0.1%
Czech Republic Czech 21,194 0.1% 22,772 0.1%
Denmark Danish 50,414 0.3% 54,026 0.3%
Netherlands Dutch 310,082 335,493 1.6%
England English[34] 6,607,228 42.4% 6,358,880 33.9% 6,283,647 31.6% 7,238,533 33.7%[40]-36.1%[62] +15.2%
Estonia Estonian 8,234 0.0% 8,551 0.0%
Finland Finnish 20,987 0.1% 22,420 0.1%
France French 98,333 110,399 0.5%
Canada French Canadian 1,686 0.0% 1,836 0.0%
Georgia (country) Georgian 383 0.0% 489 0.0%
Germany German 811,543 898,674 4.2%
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltarian 184 0.0% 177 0.0%
Greece Greek 365,150 1.8% 378,270 1.8%
Hungary Hungarian 67,623 0.3% 69,160 0.3%
Iceland Icelandic 759 0.0% 929 0.0%
Republic of Ireland Irish 902,679 5.8% 1,919,727 10.2% 1,803,736 9.1% 2,087,758 9.7%[40]-10.4%[63] +15.7%
Italy Italian 852,421 916,121 4.3%
Latvia Latvian 20,061 0.1% 20,124 0.1%
Liechtenstein Liechtensteiner
Lithuania Lithuanian 13,275 0.1% 13,594 0.1%
Luxembourg Luxembourg 167 0.0% 212 0.0%
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 83,983 93,570 0.4%
Malta Maltese 153,802 163,990 0.8%
Moldova Moldovan 231 0.0% 374 0.0%
Monaco Monégasque
Montenegro Montenegrin 1,168 0.0% 1,554 0.0%
Norway Norwegian 20,442 0.1% 23,037 0.1%
Poland Polish 163,802 0.8% 170,354 0.8%
Portugal Portuguese 41,226 0.2% 46,519 0.2%
Romania Romanian 18,325 0.1% 20,998 0.1%
Russia Russian 67,056 74,317 0.3%
Scotland Scottish 740,522 4.7% 540,046 2.9% 1,501,200 7.6%[40][64] 1,792,622 8.3% +19.4%
Serbia Serbian 95,362 69,544 0.3%
Slovakia Slovak 8,504 0.0% 10,053 0.0%
Slovenia Slovene 16,085 0.1% 17,150 0.1%
San Marino Sammarinese
Spain Spanish 84,327 92,952 0.4%
Sweden Swedish 30,378 34,029 0.2%
Switzerland Swiss 26,512 0.1% 28,947 0.1%
Turkey Turkish 59,397 66,919 0.3%
Ukraine Ukrainian 37,584 0.2% 38,791 0.2%
Wales Welsh no data no data 84,246 no data 113,244 0.6% 125,597 0.6% +10.9%
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav
Europe European 9,037 12,504 0.1%
Total

Prime Ministers

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Further information: List of Prime Ministers of Australia

All of the ancestors of the twenty-nine Prime Ministers of Australia were European and Anglo-Celtic (English, Scottish, Northern Irish, Welsh, or Irish). Some ancestors of three Prime Minister's did not emigrate from Britain or Ireland: some of the ancestors of Chris Watson were Germans (his father was German Chilean), some of the ancestors of Malcolm Fraser were European Jews, and some of Tony Abbott's ancestors were Dutch migrants (one of his grandparents).

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 McEvoy, Brian P., et al. "Geographical structure and differential natural selection among North European populations." Genome research 19.5 (2009): 804–814. "Approximately 85% of current Australians are descendants of European settlers who began arriving in 1788."
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "His parents were English and had come to Australia in 1967 as part of the "Ten Pound Poms" immigration"
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Peter Van Onselen, Wayne Errington, John Winston Howard: The Definitive Biography, pp. 2–4 "Howard's ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish"
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ For example the UK New South Wales Judicature Act of 1823 made specific provision for administration of land in New Zealand, by the New South Wales Courts, stating: "And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons, piracies, felonies, robberies, murders, sexual conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand".
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Composition: Changing links with Europe Australian Bureau of Statistics
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Top 10 countries of birth for the overseas‐born population since 1901 Top 10 countries of overseas-born
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Composition: Changing links with Europe Australian Bureau of Statistics
  20. ↑ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 57, 1971 Population: country of Birth 1961 census (Page: 134)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 1996 Census of Population and Housing Australia - Birthplace by region www.abs.gov.au - Total 2,217,009
  23. ↑ OVERSEAS-BORN POPULATION: TOP 12 BIRTHPLACE GROUPS Australian Bureau of Statistics
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ TOP 10 COUNTRIES OF BIRTH FOR THE OVERSEAS-BORN POPULATION Australian Bureau of Statistics
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Mallett, Ashley Alexander. The Black Lords of Summer: The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England and Beyond. Univ. of Queensland Press, 2002, p. 110
  31. ↑ G. Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian English – The National Language, 2004, p. 79
  32. ↑ Miriam Dixson, The Imaginary Australian: Anglo-Celts and Identity, 1788 to the Present, 1999, p. 113
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 The Transformation of Australia's Population: 1970-2030 edited by Siew-An Khoo, Peter F. McDonald, Siew-Ean Khoo (Page: 164)
  35. ↑ Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics Census of the Commonwealth of Australia
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Muslims In Australia By Nahid Kabir
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 2016 Census 9 August 2016 www.abs.gov.au/
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Census of Population and Housing 1971
  44. ↑ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1976 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAB8LE 7. POPULATION BY RACIAL ORIGIN (Page: 2) Total population of 13,548,448 - ethnic European population of 12,037,152
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ R. Moran, P. Harris, S. Moran, Managing Cultural Differences, Routledge, 2007, p. 405
  48. ↑ PL Kilbride, NJ Farley, Irish diaspora, Encyclopedia of Diasporas, 2005, Springer
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Ward, R., (1975), pp. 37–38
  51. ↑ Molony, J., (1987), p. 47
  52. ↑ Davidson G., et al (1998), p. 406
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Tobias Faber "Jørn Utzon", Kunstindekx Danmark & Weilbachskunstnerleksikon. (Danish) Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ The People of Australia - Statistics from the 2006 Census(Page 50)
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