Feudal duties
Feudal duties were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a feudal system.[1] These duties developed in both Europe and Japan with the decentralisation of empire and due to lack of monetary liquidity, as groups of warriors took over the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres of the territory they controlled.[2] While many feudal duties were based upon control of a parcel of land and its productive resources, even landless knights owed feudal duties such as direct military service in their lord's behest. Feudal duties were not uniform over time or across political boundaries. And in their later development also included duties from and to the peasant population, such as abergement.[3]
Feudal duties ran both ways, both up and down the feudal hierarchy; however, aside from distribution of land[4] and maintenance of landless retainers, the main obligation of the feudal lord was to protect his vassals, both militarily from incursion and judicially via court justice.[5][6] In addition to lands, the lord could grant what were called "immunities", but were rights to conduct governmental functions such as the collecting of taxes and tolls, the holding of judicial proceedings, and even the coinage of money.[7] In addition there were contingent duties the lord owed such as the duty to take back a fief that was rejected by an heir (droit de déguerpissement).[8] Sometimes, particularly in the Frankish kingdoms, a lord would grant a fief to an assemblage of men rather than to a single vassal. These grants were called bans[9] and included extensive governmental autonomy, or immunities.[10]
Duties owed by a vassal to his lord can be categorised into four types: military (auxilium), court duties (consilium), special taxes (aids) and incidents.[11] Military duties included personal service, providing troops (raising levies), and later scutage in lieu of service. Military duties also included work on fortifications and roads and bridges, thus the trinoda necessitas.[12] Court duties encompassed everything from security (being a guard) through rendering advice in council, providing squires and even in some cases providing de facto hostages. Aids, often called feudal aids, were monies due upon certain contingent events, such as contributing to the lord's random, or to pageant-like events at court such as royal marriages.[13] Incidents included such things as a negotiated kickback to the lord upon being granted a fief (politely called a receipt), the duty to feed and house the lord and his retinue when the lord visited (droit de gîte), allowing the lord to hunt or fish on his land (droit de garenne) and being subject to the residual lordly rights of guardianship upon minority inheritance, and forfeiture upon a failure of heirs or failure to observe his feudal obligations.[11]
In Europe, church lands were also held with feudal duties. While some churchmen did provide direct military service, most either hired substitutes, paid scutage, or later converted the duty to one of prayer, frankalmoin.[11]
List
Feudal duties included, but were not limited to:
- Amober
- Appanage
- Avera and inward
- Carucage
- Castle-guard
- Chiefage
- Corvée
- Droit de gîte
- Droit de garenne
- Feudal aid
- Feudal maintenance
- Frankalmoin
- Knight-service
- Merchet
- Scot and lot
- Scutage
- Serjeanty
- Socage
- Taille
- Tallage
Notes and references
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, 1st ed., London, 1952.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ All lands belonged to the lord under feudal law, Nulle terre sans seigneur. Gananhof 1944
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The word ban at the time referred to a troop of armed men. See "Ban" Encyclopedia Britannica 1911
- ↑ Citation from French Wikipedia, original not viewed: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Russell 1968, pp. 204–205
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ An example of such a recurring aid was support for the baillée des roses held each Spring for the French parliaments. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., citing Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
