Florian Geyer
Florian Geyer (c. 1490 – 10 June 1525), also known as "Florian Geier from Giebelstadt", was a Franconian nobleman, diplomat, and knight. He became widely known for leading peasants during the German Peasants' War.
Contents
Early life
Florian Geyer was born around 1490 in Giebelstadt, Lower Franconia. After the deaths of his father Dietrich (in 1492) and of his two older brothers, Florian Geyer inherited a fortune and possessions. In 1512 and 1513, he was a guest at the court of King Henry VIII in England, where he may have been exposed to the reformist ideas of John Wycliffe and the Lollards. In 1517, after refusing to pay 350-year-old interest claims from Kollegiatstift Neumünster, Geyer was excommunicated.
In 1519, Geyer served a vassal of Markgraf Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach-Ansbach in the army of the Swabian League as a Landsknecht commander against Duke Ulrich of Württemberg and against Götz von Berlichingen in Möckmühl. Later that same year, Casimir of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Bayreuth sent Geyer to the ruler's brother, Albert of Brandenburg-Prussia, then Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order, to support the Hochmeister against Poland. Geyer negotiated the truce which ended the Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521). Geyer served the Hochmeister until 1523, travelling to various European courts on diplomatic missions.
In that same year of 1523, Geyer accompanied his prince on a visit to the dissident ("Protestant") priest Martin Luther in Wittenberg. If not already sympathetic to reform of the Western church, Geyer was probably won over to Luther's ideals at this meeting.
German Peasants' War
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Geyer, like many knights, originally sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic hierarchy during Protestant Reformation in Germany in the 16th century.
When the German Peasants' War broke out in 1524, spurred on by Martin Luther's teachings, German Protestants were divided along class lines. Protestant peasants and silver miners, led by Thomas Müntzer, began taking over farms and mines. Müntzer also called for the abolition of all political posts except for that of the Emperor (who in the Holy Roman Empire was elected by landholders—who Müntzer asserted would now include peasants and miners). Martin Luther thought this had gone too far, and sided with Protestant aristocrats who only wanted clerical reforms, calling upon peasants to put down their arms and surrender their farms. Müntzer's radical faction concluded that Luther was a traitor and continued to fight against both Catholic and Lutheran nobles.
Florian Geyer, together with a handful of dissident low-ranking knights and several hundred hastily trained peasant militiamen, established the Black Company (often called the Black Host or Black Band), which was possibly the only heavy cavalry division in European history to fight on the side of a peasant revolution. By checking Imperial and Protestant knights on the battlefield, the Black Company allowed Müntzer's motivated infantry to score a string of victories and liberate huge swaths of the German countryside. Geyer became a notable folk hero in Franconia and the whole of Germany, and is reputed to have had the words "Nulla crux, nulla corona" (Neither cross nor crown) scratched on the blade of his sword.[1] All sides credited him with the wanton destruction of cathedrals and castles, and summary executions of the lords and priests contained therein; the cruelty and extent of these activities is, however, disputed.
As the Peasants' War dragged on, many of the rebel peasants returned home, and most of the knights who, alongside Geyer, had joined Müntzer deserted or defected. Müntzer himself was defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen and executed shortly afterwards.
Death
Conflicting accounts place Geyer with the company, or alone in Rothingen in the aftermath of the Battle of Frankenhausen. The Black Company was falsely informed of victory at Frankenhausen, and ambushed outside of Ingolstadt. They managed to regroup, retreat, and fortify the town's castle and cathedral. The cathedral was burned with no survivors, and the castle was taken after three assaults. A portion of the Black Company broke free, only to be encircled again in nearby woodlands. If Geyer had been leading Black Company through the Battle of Ingolstadt, he barely escaped with his life. Geyer may, however, have been stranded at Rothingen the entire time while waiting for an escort to rejoin the Black Company, only to be banned from Rothingen. The later attempts to stamp out memory of the uprising have obscured these details.
Whether or not Geyer was at Ingolstadt, he was one of the last survivors of Müntzer's army. In the night from 9 to 10 June 1525 he was contacted in Würzburg by two servants of his brother-in-law Wilhelm von Grumbach, who had the stated intention of helping him rekindle the Peasants' War. While traveling together, they stabbed Geyer to death in the Gramschatzer Wald Forest near Würzburg. The location of his remains is unknown.
Legacy
The family of Florian Geyer died out in the early 18th century and the original Geyer castle, in Giebelstadt, passed into other hands, but is still the site of the annual "Florian Geyer Festspiele".
Geyer was heralded as a communist revolutionary in Frederick Engels' The Peasant War in Germany (1850). In this work, Engels asserts that the war was primarily a class struggle over control of farms and mines, which subverted the Biblical language and metaphors commonly understood by peasants.
Geyer was also the problematic hero of one of Gerhart Hauptmann's major plays, the historical drama Florian Geyer, published in 1896, and the inspiration for the German folk song, "Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen" ("We are Geyer's Black Band"), which has been adopted by the international Marxist labour movement as a rousing union anthem.[2]
However, as one of the few German historical figures identifiable with the national history of Germany as a whole, and not merely of a principality or region of the country, Geyer was also considered a heroic figure by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Party. As a result, the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer was named after him in March 1944, during World War II.
See also
Literature
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- ↑ Ernst Bloch, Atheism in Christianity: the religion of the Exodus and the Kingdom (Herder & Herder: New York 1972) pp 272-3.
- ↑ tune and words, in an Australian version
- Hermann Barge: Florian Geyer. Eine biographische Studie. Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildesheim 1972, ISBN 3-8067-0124-5
- Christa Dericum: Des Geyers schwarze Haufen. Florian Geyer und der deutsche Bauernkrieg. Bertelsmann, München 1980, ISBN 3-570-07254-1
- Friedrich Engels: Der deutsche Bauernkrieg. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-89771-907-X
- Günther Franz: Der deutsche Bauernkrieg. Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft, Darmstadt 1987, ISBN 3-534-03424-4
- Dagobert von Mikusch: Florian Geyer und der Kampf um das Reich. Schlegel, Berlin 1941.
- Gerhart Hauptmann: Florian Geyer. Die Tragödie des Bauernkrieges. Reclam, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-15-007841-5
- Jeremiah Pearson: Brethren. Book One of the Villeins Trilogy, Incunabula Press 2013, ISBN 978-0989546706.
