Francisco Largo Caballero

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This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Largo and the second or maternal family name is Caballero.
Francisco Largo Caballero
Largo Caballero.jpg
66th Prime Minister of Spain
In office
4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937
Preceded by José Giral Pereira
Succeeded by Juan Negrín López
Personal details
Born (1869-10-15)15 October 1869
Madrid
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Paris, France
Political party PSOE

Francisco Largo Caballero (15 October 1869 – 23 March 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). In 1936 and 1937 Caballero served as the Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War.

Biography

Early years

Born in Madrid, as a young man he made his living stuccoing walls. He participated in a construction workers strike in 1890 and joined the PSOE in 1894. Upon the death in 1925 of party founder Pablo Iglesias, he succeeded him as head of the party and of the UGT.[clarification needed][1]

Political career

Moderate in his positions at the beginning of his political life, he advocated maintaining a degree of UGT cooperation with the dictatorial government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, which permitted the union to continue functioning under his military dictatorship (that lasted from 1923 to 1930).[2] This was the start of his political conflict with Indalecio Prieto, who opposed all collaboration with the dictatorial regime.

He was Minister of Labor Relations between 1931 and 1933, in the first governments of the Second Spanish Republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and in that of his successor Manuel Azaña.[3] He enjoyed great popularity among the masses of workers, who saw their own austere existences reflected in his way of life.[1]

In the elections of 19 November 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won power in Spain. The government nominally led by the centrist Radical Alejandro Lerroux was dependent on CEDA's parliamentary support. Responding to this reversal of fortune, Largo abandoned his moderate positions, began to talk of "socialist revolution", and became the leader of the left (Marxist and revolutionary) wing of the UGT and the PSOE.[4] In early October 1934, after three CEDA ministers entered the government, he was one of the leaders of the failed armed rising of workers (mainly in Asturias) which was forcefully put down by the CEDA-dominated government.[5]

He defended the pact of alliance with the other workers' political parties and trade unions, such as the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the anarchist trade union, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Once again, this placed him at odds with Prieto.[6] He declared, that he, Largo Caballero "shall be the second Lenin", whose aim is the union of Iberian Soviet republics.[7]

After the Popular Front won the elections in February 1936, president Manuel Azaña proposed that Prieto join the government, but Largo blocked these attempts at collaboration between PSOE and the Republican government.[8] Largo dismissed fears of a military coup, and predicted that, were it to happen, a general strike would defeat it, opening the door to the workers' revolution.

In the event, the coup attempt by the colonial army and the right came on 17 July 1936. While not immediately successful, further actions by rebellious army units sparked the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which the republic was ultimately defeated and destroyed.

Prime Minister of Spain

Monument of Largo Caballero

On 4 September 1936, a few months into the civil war, Largo Caballero was designated the 134th Prime Minister and Minister of War.[9] Besides conducting the war, he also focused on maintaining military discipline and government authority within the Republic.[10] Nonetheless, the Barcelona May Days led to a governmental crisis[11] that forced Caballero to resign on 17 May 1937. Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead.[12] On 4 November 1934 Largo Caballero persuaded the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; "National Confederation of Labour") to join the government, with four members assigned to junior ministries including Justice, Health and Trade. The decision was controversial with the CNT members.[13]

The cabinet, formed on 4 September 1936 and reshuffled on 4 November 1936, consisted of:[14]

Ministry Start End Officeholder Party
Prime Minister and War 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Francisco Largo Caballero Socialist (left)
State (Foreign Affairs) 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Julio Álvarez del Vayo Socialist (left)
Finance 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Juan Negrín Socialist (moderate)
Interior 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Angel Galarza Socialist (left)
Industry and Commerce 4 September 1936 4 November 1936 Anastasio de Gracia Socialist (moderate)
Industry 4 November 1936 17 May 1937 Juan Peiró Belis
Commerce 4 November 1936 17 May 1937 Juan López Sánchez CNT
Navy and Air 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Indalecio Prieto Socialist (moderate)
Education and Fine Arts 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Jesús Hernández Tomás Communist
Agriculture 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Vicente Uribe Communist
Justice 4 September 1936 4 November 1936 Mariano Ruiz-Funes Left Republican
4 November 1936 17 May 1937 Juan García Oliver CNT
Communications and Merchant Marine 4 September 1936 17 May 1937 Bernardo Giner de los Ríos Republican Union
Labor and Health 4 September 1936 4 November 1936 José Tomás Piera Left Republican Party of Catalonia
Labor and Planning 4 November 1936 15 May 1937 Anastasio de Gracia
Health and Social Assistance 4 November 1936 17 May 1937 Federica Montseny CNT
Public Works 4 September 1936 15 September 1936 Vicente Uribe (Interim)
15 September 1936 17 May 1937 Julio Just Gimeno Left Republican
Propaganda 4 November 1936 17 May 1937 Carlos Esplá Rizo
Without portfolio 4 September 1936 15 May 1937 José Giral Left Republican
Without portfolio 4 September 1936 15 May 1937 Manuel Irujo y Ollo
Without portfolio 4 November 1936 17 May 1936 Jaime Ayguadé Miró Left Republican Party of Catalonia

Exile, death, and legacy

Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war.[15]

He died in exile in Paris in 1946;[1] his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978 after Franco's death in 1975.

His son, Francisco Largo Calvo, was imprisoned by the Francoists at the start of the Spanish Civil War and spent the entire war behind bars under the threat of execution.[citation needed] Largo Calvo fled Spain to Mexico in 1949 where he resided until his death in 2001. He is survived by his granddaughter, Sonia Largo Lellis, his great grandsons, Ryan and Chris Lellis, and his great great granddaughter, Riley Lellis.[citation needed]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Thomas 2003, p. 39.
  2. ↑ Beevor 2006, p. 17.
  3. ↑ Beevor 2006, p. 21.
  4. ↑ Beevor 2006, p. 28.
  5. ↑ Beevor 2006, pp. 29–32.
  6. ↑ Jackson 1967, pp. 206–208.
  7. ↑ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPcaballero.htm
  8. ↑ Preston 2006, p. 84.
  9. ↑ Thomas 2003, p. 392–394.
  10. ↑ Jackson 1967, pp. 341.
  11. ↑ Preston 2006, pp. 256–258.
  12. ↑ Graham 2005, p. 162.
  13. ↑ Paz 2011, p. 96-97.
  14. ↑ Urquijo y Goitia 2008, p. 129–130.
  15. ↑ Beevor 2006, p. 413.

Sources

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External links

Preceded by Prime Minister of Spain
1936–1937		 Succeeded by
Juan Negrín
  1. REDIRECT Template:Prime ministers of Spain


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