Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange

Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
Portrait by Anthony van Dyck
Prince of Orange
In office 1625–1647
Preceded by	Maurice
Succeeded by	William II
Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel
In office 1625–1647
Preceded by	Maurice, Prince of Orange
Succeeded by	William II, Prince of Orange
Personal details
Born	(1584-01-29)29 January 1584 Delft, Dutch Republic
Died	The Hague, Dutch Republic
Resting place	Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
Spouse(s)	Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

Frederick Henry, or Frederik Hendrik in Dutch (29 January 1584 – 14 March 1647), was the sovereign Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel from 1625 to 1647.

As the leading soldier in the Dutch wars against Spain, his main achievement was the successful Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch in 1629, It was the main Spanish base and a well-fortified city protected by an experienced Spanish garrison and by formidable water defenses. His strategy was the successful neutralization of the threat of inundation of the area around 's-Hertogenbosch and his capture of the Spanish storehouse at Wesel.

Biography

Early life

Frederick Henry was born on 29 January 1584 in Delft, Holland, Dutch Republic. He was the youngest child of William the Silent and Louise de Coligny. His father William was stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and Friesland. His mother Louise was daughter of the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, and was the fourth wife of his father. He was thus the half brother of his predecessor Maurice of Orange, deceased in 1625.

Frederick Henry was born six months before his father's assassination on 10 July 1584. The boy was trained to arms by his elder brother Maurice, one of the finest generals of his age. After Maurice threatened to legimitize his illegitimate children if he did not marry, Frederick Henry married Amalia of Solms-Braunfels in 1625. His illegitimate son by Margaretha Catharina Bruyns (1595–1625), Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein was born in 1624 before his marriage. This son later became the governor of the young William III of England for seven years.

Stadtholder

On the death of Maurice in 1625 without legitimate issue, Frederick Henry succeeded him in his paternal dignities and estates, and also in the stadtholderates of the five provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Guelders, and in the important posts of captain and admiral-general of the Union (commander-in-chief of the Dutch States Army and of the Dutch navy).

Frederick Henry proved himself almost as good a general as his brother, and a far more capable statesman and politician. For twenty-two years he remained at the head of government in the United Provinces, and in his time the power of the stadtholderate reached its highest point. The "Period of Frederick Henry," as it is usually styled by Dutch writers, is generally accounted the golden age of the republic. It was marked by great military and naval triumphs, by worldwide maritime and commercial expansion, and by a wonderful outburst of activity in the domains of art and literature.

The chief military exploits of Frederick Henry were the sieges and captures of Grol in 1627, 's-Hertogenbosch in 1629, of Maastricht in 1632, of Breda in 1637, of Sas van Gent in 1644, and of Hulst in 1645. During the greater part of his administration the alliance with France against Spain had been the pivot of Frederick Henry's foreign policy, but in his last years he sacrificed the French alliance for the sake of concluding a separate peace with Spain, by which the United Provinces obtained from that power all the advantages they had been seeking for eighty years.

Frederick Henry built the country houses Huis Honselaarsdijk, Huis ter Nieuwburg, and for his wife Huis ten Bosch, and he renovated the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Huis Honselaarsdijk and Huis ter Nieuwburg are now demolished.

Death

The funeral procession of Frederik Hendrik, etching with colour, h 225mm × w 565mm.

Frederick Henry died on 14 March 1647 in The Hague, Holland, Dutch Republic. He left a wife, a son William II, Prince of Orange, four daughters, and the illegitimate son Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein.

On Frederick Henry's death, he was buried with great pomp beside his father and brother at Delft. The treaty of Munster, ending the long struggle between the Dutch and the Spaniards, was not actually signed until 30 January 1648, the illness and death of the stadtholder having caused a delay in the negotiations. Frederick Henry left an account of his campaigns in his Mémoires de Frédéric Henri (Amsterdam, 1743). See Cambridge Mod. Hist. vol. iv. chap. 24.

Children

Prince Frederick Henry and his wife Amalia of Solms-Braunfels and his three youngest daughters, portrayed by Gerard van Honthorst.

Frederick Henry and his wife Amalia van Solms had nine children:

• William II, Prince of Orange (27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650)
• Luise Henriette of Nassau (27 December 1627 – 18 June 1667)
• Henriëtte Amalia of Nassau (26 October 1628 – December 1628)
• Elisabeth of Nassau (4 August 1630)
• Isabella Charlotte of Nassau (22 January/28 April 1632 – 17 May 1642)
• Albertine Agnes of Nassau (9 April 1634 – 24 May 1696)
• Henriette Catherine of Nassau (10 February 1637 – 3 November 1708)
• Hendrik Lodewijk of Nassau (30 November 1639 – 19 December 1639)
• Maria of Nassau (5 September 1642 – 17/20 March 1688)

Engraving of Frederick Henry as shown in engraving below.

Ancestors

Frederick Henry's ancestors in three generations

Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange	Father: William the Silent	Paternal Grandfather: William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg	Paternal Great-grandfather: Count John V of Nassau-Dillenburg
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Landgravine Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg
		Paternal Grandmother: Juliana of Stolberg	Paternal Great-grandfather: Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Anna of Eppstein-Königstein
	Mother: Louise de Coligny	Maternal Grandfather: Gaspard de Coligny	Maternal Great-grandfather: Gaspard I de Coligny
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Louise de Montmorency
		Maternal Grandmother: Charlotte de Laval	Maternal Great-grandfather: Guy XVI de Laval, Comte de Laval
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Antoinette de Daillon

Coat of Arms and Titles

Gartered arms of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange

Frederick Henry, besides being Stadholder of several provinces and Captain-General, both non-hereditary and appointive titles:

Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel;

he was the hereditary sovereign of the principality of Orange in what is today Provence in France. He also was the lord of many other estates, which formed his wealth:

• Marquis of Veere and Vlissingen;
• Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Buren, Leerdam, Katzenelnbogen, and Vianden;
• Viscount of Antwerp;
• Baron of Aggeris, Breda, Cranendonck, Lands of Cuijk, Daesburg, Eindhoven, City of Grave, Lek, IJsselstein, *Diest, Grimbergen, Herstal, Warneton, Beilstein, Bentheim-Lingen, Moers, Arlay, and Nozeroy;
• Lord of Dasburg, Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe, Klundert, Montfort, Naaldwijk, Niervaart, Polanen, Steenbergen, Sint-Maartensdijk, Willemstad, Bütgenbach, Sankt Vith, and Besançon.

Arms of Frederick Henry used as Prince of Orange

List of Military Battles

Frederick Henry participated in these battles as principal Dutch commander:

• 5th Groenlo, 1627
• 's-Hertogenbosch
• Bruges
• 3rd Maastricht
• Leuven
• Schenkenschans
• 5th Breda, 1637
• 4th Venlo, 1637
• Kallo
• Geldern
• 2nd Hulst
• 3rd Hulst

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 

Further reading

• Israel, Jonathan I. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806 (1998) excerpt and text search pp 506–45

External links

• (Dutch) Frederik Hendrik. Prins van Oranje. Een biografisch drieluik, a biography by J.J. Poelhekke

Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange House of Orange-Nassau Cadet branch of the House of Nassau Born: 29 January 1584 Died: 14 March 1647
Regnal titles
Preceded by Maurice of Nassau	Prince of Orange 1625–1647	Succeeded by William II
	Baron of Breda 1625–1647
Political offices
Preceded by Maurice of Nassau	Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel 1625–1647	Succeeded by William II